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Bibliografia

Bibliografia#

Le opere citate nel libro, in ordine alfabetico. Nel testo le citazioni compaiono come rimandi tra parentesi quadre: ogni rimando porta qui.

[AJLoland21]

Kjersti Aas, Martin Jullum, and Anders Løland. Explaining individual predictions when features are dependent: more accurate approximations to shapley values. Artificial Intelligence, 298:103502, 2021. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2021.103502.

[ACG+16]

Martin Abadi, Andy Chu, Ian Goodfellow, H. Brendan McMahan, Ilya Mironov, Kunal Talwar, and Li Zhang. Deep learning with differential privacy. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS), 308–318. 2016. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.00133.

[AZ20a]

Samira Abnar and Willem Zuidema. Quantifying attention flow in transformers. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 4190–4197. 2020.

[AHS85]

David H. Ackley, Geoffrey E. Hinton, and Terrence J. Sejnowski. A learning algorithm for boltzmann machines. Cognitive Science, 9(1):147–169, 1985. URL: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15516709cog0901_7, doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0901_7.

[AGM+18]

Julius Adebayo, Justin Gilmer, Michael Muelly, Ian Goodfellow, Moritz Hardt, and Been Kim. Sanity checks for saliency maps. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 31. 2018.

[ASZ+24]

Rishabh Agarwal, Avi Singh, Lei M. Zhang, Bernd Bohnet, Luis Rosias, Stephanie Chan, Biao Zhang, Ankesh Anand, Zaheer Abbas, Azade Nova, John D. Co-Reyes, Eric Chu, Feryal Behbahani, Aleksandra Faust, and Hugo Larochelle. Many-shot in-context learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 37. 2024. Spotlight. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.11018.

[AKP+24]

Amey Agrawal, Nitin Kedia, Ashish Panwar, Jayashree Mohan, Nipun Kwatra, Bhargav S. Gulavani, Alexey Tumanov, and Ramachandran Ramjee. Taming throughput-latency tradeoff in LLM inference with Sarathi-Serve. In 18th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), 117–134. 2024.

[AB16]

Guillaume Alain and Yoshua Bengio. Understanding intermediate layers using linear classifier probes. arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.01644, 2016. ICLR 2017, workshop track. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.01644.

[ADL+22]

Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jeff Donahue, Pauline Luc, Antoine Miech, Iain Barr, Yana Hasson, Karel Lenc, Arthur Mensch, Katherine Millican, Malcolm Reynolds, Roman Ring, Eliza Rutherford, Serkan Cabi, Tengda Han, Zhitao Gong, Sina Samangooei, Marianne Monteiro, Jacob Menick, Sebastian Borgeaud, Andrew Brock, Aida Nematzadeh, Sahand Sharifzadeh, Mikołaj Bińkowski, Ricardo Barreira, Oriol Vinyals, Andrew Zisserman, and Karen Simonyan. Flamingo: a visual language model for few-shot learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2022.

[AXM+24]

Reem Aleithan, Haoran Xue, Mohammad Mahdi Mohajer, Elijah Nnorom, Gias Uddin, and Song Wang. SWE-Bench+: enhanced coding benchmark for LLMs. arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.06992, 2024. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.06992.

[Ama72]

Shun-Ichi Amari. Learning patterns and pattern sequences by self-organizing nets of threshold elements. IEEE Transactions on Computers, C-21(11):1197–1206, 1972. doi:10.1109/T-C.1972.223477.

[ABB+19]

Saleema Amershi, Andrew Begel, Christian Bird, Robert DeLine, Harald Gall, Ece Kamar, Nachiappan Nagappan, Besmira Nushi, and Thomas Zimmermann. Software engineering for machine learning: a case study. In IEEE/ACM 41st International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Practice (ICSE-SEIP), 291–300. 2019.

[AGS85]

Daniel J. Amit, Hanoch Gutfreund, and Haim Sompolinsky. Storing infinite numbers of patterns in a spin-glass model of neural networks. Physical Review Letters, 55(14):1530–1533, 1985. URL: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.1530, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.1530.

[ARStanczyk+21]

Marcin Andrychowicz, Anton Raichuk, Piotr Stańczyk, Manu Orsini, Sertan Girgin, Raphael Marinier, Léonard Hussenot, Matthieu Geist, Olivier Pietquin, Marcin Michalski, Sylvain Gelly, and Olivier Bachem. What matters in on-policy reinforcement learning? a large-scale empirical study. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.05990, arXiv:2006.05990.

[ALMK16]

Julia Angwin, Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu, and Lauren Kirchner. Machine bias. ProPublica, 2016. URL: https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing.

[ADP+24]

Cem Anil, Esin Durmus, Nina Panickssery, Mrinank Sharma, Joe Benton, Sandipan Kundu, and others. Many-shot jailbreaking. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 37. 2024. URL: https://openreview.net/forum?id=cw5mgd71jW.

[AST+24]

Abdul Fatir Ansari, Lorenzo Stella, Caner Turkmen, Xiyuan Zhang, Pedro Mercado, Huibin Shen, Oleksandr Shchur, Syama Sundar Rangapuram, Sebastian Pineda Arango, Shubham Kapoor, and others. Chronos: learning the language of time series. Transactions on Machine Learning Research (TMLR), 2024. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07815.

[Ans73]

Francis J. Anscombe. Graphs in statistical analysis. The American Statistician, 27(1):17–21, 1973.

[AZ20b]

Daniel W. Apley and Jingyu Zhu. Visualizing the effects of predictor variables in black box supervised learning models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology), 82(4):1059–1086, 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.08468.

[AB17]

Martin Arjovsky and Léon Bottou. Towards principled methods for training generative adversarial networks. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2017.

[ACB17]

Martin Arjovsky, Soumith Chintala, and Léon Bottou. Wasserstein generative adversarial networks. In Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2017.

[ARY20]

Mikel Artetxe, Sebastian Ruder, and Dani Yogatama. On the cross-lingual transferability of monolingual representations. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 4623–4637. 2020.

[AWW+24]

Akari Asai, Zeqiu Wu, Yizhong Wang, Avirup Sil, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. Self-RAG: learning to retrieve, generate, and critique through self-reflection. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2024.

[ADM+23]

Mahmoud Assran, Quentin Duval, Ishan Misra, Piotr Bojanowski, Pascal Vincent, Michael Rabbat, Yann LeCun, and Nicolas Ballas. Self-supervised learning from images with a joint-embedding predictive architecture. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.08243.

[ABF+25]

Mido Assran, Adrien Bardes, David Fan, Quentin Garrido, Russell Howes, Mojtaba Komeili, Matthew Muckley, Ammar Rizvi, Claire Roberts, Koustuv Sinha, Artem Zholus, Sergio Arnaud, Abha Gejji, Ada Martin, Francois Robert Hogan, Daniel Dugas, Piotr Bojanowski, Vasil Khalidov, Patrick Labatut, Francisco Massa, Marc Szafraniec, Kapil Krishnakumar, Yong Li, Xiaodong Ma, Sarath Chandar, Franziska Meier, Yann LeCun, Michael Rabbat, and Nicolas Ballas. V-jepa 2: self-supervised video models enable understanding, prediction and planning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.09985, 2025. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.09985.

[ACW18]

Anish Athalye, Nicholas Carlini, and David Wagner. Obfuscated gradients give a false sense of security: circumventing defenses to adversarial examples. In Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 274–283. 2018.

[ACBF02]

Peter Auer, Nicolò Cesa-Bianchi, and Paul Fischer. Finite-time analysis of the multiarmed bandit problem. Machine Learning, 47(2):235–256, 2002.

[BZMA20]

Alexei Baevski, Yuhao Zhou, Abdelrahman Mohamed, and Michael Auli. Wav2vec 2.0: a framework for self-supervised learning of speech representations. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 33. 2020.

[BCB15]

Dzmitry Bahdanau, Kyunghyun Cho, and Yoshua Bengio. Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate. In International Conference on Learning Representations. 2015.

[BBY+23]

Jinze Bai, Shuai Bai, Shusheng Yang, Shijie Wang, Sinan Tan, Peng Wang, Junyang Lin, Chang Zhou, and Jingren Zhou. Qwen-VL: a versatile vision-language model for understanding, localization, text reading, and beyond. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.12966, 2023.

[BKK18]

Shaojie Bai, J. Zico Kolter, and Vladlen Koltun. An empirical evaluation of generic convolutional and recurrent networks for sequence modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:1803.01271, 2018. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.01271.

[BKK+22]

Yuntao Bai, Saurav Kadavath, Sandipan Kundu, Amanda Askell, Jackson Kernion, Andy Jones, Anna Chen, and others. Constitutional ai: harmlessness from ai feedback. arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.08073, 2022. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.08073.

[BCC+08]

M. Ballerini, N. Cabibbo, R. Candelier, A. Cavagna, E. Cisbani, I. Giardina, V. Lecomte, A. Orlandi, G. Parisi, A. Procaccini, M. Viale, and V. Zdravkovic. Interaction ruling animal collective behavior depends on topological rather than metric distance: evidence from a field study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(4):1232–1237, 2008.

[BGP+24]

Adrien Bardes, Quentin Garrido, Jean Ponce, Xinlei Chen, Michael Rabbat, Yann LeCun, Mahmoud Assran, and Nicolas Ballas. Revisiting feature prediction for learning visual representations from video. Transactions on Machine Learning Research, 2024. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.08471.

[BPL22]

Adrien Bardes, Jean Ponce, and Yann LeCun. VICReg: variance-invariance-covariance regularization for self-supervised learning. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2022. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.04906.

[Bar61]

Horace B. Barlow. Possible principles underlying the transformations of sensory messages. In Walter A. Rosenblith, editor, Sensory Communication. MIT Press, 1961. doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262518420.003.0013.

[BHN23]

Solon Barocas, Moritz Hardt, and Arvind Narayanan. Fairness and Machine Learning: Limitations and Opportunities. MIT Press, 2023. Versione online gratuita su fairmlbook.org. URL: https://fairmlbook.org/.

[Bar93]

Andrew R. Barron. Universal approximation bounds for superpositions of a sigmoidal function. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 39(3):930–945, 1993.

[BHB+18]

Peter W. Battaglia, Jessica B. Hamrick, Victor Bapst, and others. Relational inductive biases, deep learning, and graph networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1806.01261, 2018.

[BPoppelL+25]

Maximilian Beck, Korbinian Pöppel, Phillip Lippe, Richard Kurle, Patrick Blies, Günter Klambauer, Sebastian Böck, and Sepp Hochreiter. xLSTM 7B: a recurrent LLM for fast and efficient inference. In Proceedings of the 42nd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2025.

[BPoppelS+24]

Maximilian Beck, Korbinian Pöppel, Markus Spanring, Andreas Auer, Oleksandra Prudnikova, Michael Kopp, Günter Klambauer, Johannes Brandstetter, and Sepp Hochreiter. xLSTM: extended long short-term memory. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2024.

[BHMM19]

Mikhail Belkin, Daniel Hsu, Siyuan Ma, and Soumik Mandal. Reconciling modern machine-learning practice and the classical bias–variance trade-off. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(32):15849–15854, 2019. doi:10.1073/pnas.1903070116.

[BSO+16]

Marc G. Bellemare, Sriram Srinivasan, Georg Ostrovski, Tom Schaul, David Saxton, and Rémi Munos. Unifying count-based exploration and intrinsic motivation. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29 (NeurIPS), 1471–1479. 2016. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.01868, arXiv:1606.01868.

[Bel57]

Richard Bellman. Dynamic Programming. Princeton University Press, 1957.

[BPC20]

Iz Beltagy, Matthew E. Peters, and Arman Cohan. Longformer: the long-document transformer. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.05150, 2020.

[Ben26]

Emily M. Bender. Stochastic parrots: frequently unasked questions. Medium, May 2026. URL: https://medium.com/@emilymenonbender/stochastic-parrots-frequently-unasked-questions-49c2e7d22d11.

[BGMMS21]

Emily M. Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell. On the dangers of stochastic parrots: can language models be too big? In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT). 2021.

[BSF94]

Yoshua Bengio, Patrice Simard, and Paolo Frasconi. Learning long-term dependencies with gradient descent is difficult. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 5(2):157–166, 1994.

[BB12]

James Bergstra and Yoshua Bengio. Random search for hyper-parameter optimization. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 13:281–305, 2012.

[BL70]

H. D. Block and S. A. Levin. On the boundedness of an iterative procedure for solving a system of linear inequalities. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, 26(2):229–235, 1970. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1970-0265383-5.

[BKK+77]

Daniel G. Bobrow, Ronald M. Kaplan, Martin Kay, Donald A. Norman, Henry Thompson, and Terry Winograd. GUS, a frame-driven dialog system. Artificial Intelligence, 8(2):155–173, 1977. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(77)90018-2.

[BGJM17]

Piotr Bojanowski, Edouard Grave, Armand Joulin, and Tomas Mikolov. Enriching word vectors with subword information. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 5:135–146, 2017.

[BHA+21]

Rishi Bommasani, Drew A. Hudson, Ehsan Adeli, Russ Altman, Simran Arora, Sydney von Arx, and others. On the opportunities and risks of foundation models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.07258, 2021.

[BUGDuran+13]

Antoine Bordes, Nicolas Usunier, Alberto Garcia-Durán, Jason Weston, and Oksana Yakhnenko. Translating embeddings for modeling multi-relational data. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 26. 2013.

[BMV+23]

Zalán Borsos, Raphaël Marinier, Damien Vincent, Eugene Kharitonov, Olivier Pietquin, Matt Sharifi, Dominik Roblek, Olivier Teboul, David Grangier, Marco Tagliasacchi, and Neil Zeghidour. AudioLM: a language modeling approach to audio generation. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing (TASLP), 31:2523–2533, 2023.

[BGV92]

Bernhard E. Boser, Isabelle M. Guyon, and Vladimir N. Vapnik. A training algorithm for optimal margin classifiers. In Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Workshop on Computational Learning Theory (COLT), 144–152. 1992.

[BJRL15]

George E. P. Box, Gwilym M. Jenkins, Gregory C. Reinsel, and Greta M. Ljung. Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and Control. Wiley, 5 edition, 2015.

[BN24]

Arwen Bradley and Preetum Nakkiran. Classifier-free guidance is a predictor-corrector. arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.09000, 2024.

[BCN+17]

Eric Breck, Shanqing Cai, Eric Nielsen, Michael Salib, and D. Sculley. The ML test score: a rubric for ML production readiness and technical debt reduction. In IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), 1123–1132. 2017.

[Bre26]

Joseph L. Breeden. The simple mathematics of large language models. CRC Working Paper, Credit Research Centre, University of Edinburgh Business School, 2026. URL: https://www.crc.business-school.ed.ac.uk/sites/crc/files/2026-02/Mathematics_of_LLMs_2026.pdf.

[Bre96]

Leo Breiman. Bagging predictors. Machine Learning, 24(2):123–140, 1996.

[Bre01]

Leo Breiman. Random forests. Machine Learning, 45(1):5–32, 2001.

[BFOS84]

Leo Breiman, Jerome H. Friedman, Richard A. Olshen, and Charles J. Stone. Classification and Regression Trees. Wadsworth, 1984.

[Bre25]

Drew Breunig. How long contexts fail. dbreunig.com, 22 giugno 2025, 2025. URL: https://www.dbreunig.com/2025/06/22/how-contexts-fail-and-how-to-fix-them.html.

[BTB+23]

Trenton Bricken, Adly Templeton, Joshua Batson, Brian Chen, Adam Jermyn, Tom Conerly, Nick Turner, Cem Anil, Carson Denison, Amanda Askell, and others. Towards monosemanticity: decomposing language models with dictionary learning. Transformer Circuits Thread, Anthropic, 2023. URL: https://transformer-circuits.pub/2023/monosemantic-features.

[BBC+23]

Anthony Brohan, Noah Brown, Justice Carbajal, Yevgen Chebotar, Xi Chen, Krzysztof Choromanski, Tianli Ding, Danny Driess, Avinava Dubey, Chelsea Finn, and others. RT-2: vision-language-action models transfer web knowledge to robotic control. In Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Robot Learning (CoRL), volume 229 of Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 2165–2183. 2023.

[BBCVelivckovic21]

Michael M. Bronstein, Joan Bruna, Taco Cohen, and Petar Veličković. Geometric deep learning: grids, groups, graphs, geodesics, and gauges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.13478, 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.13478.

[BPH+24]

Tim Brooks, Bill Peebles, Connor Holmes, Will DePue, Yufei Guo, Li Jing, David Schnurr, Joe Taylor, Troy Luhman, Eric Luhman, Clarence Ng, Ricky Wang, and Aditya Ramesh. Video generation models as world simulators. OpenAI technical report, 2024. URL: https://openai.com/research/video-generation-models-as-world-simulators.

[BMR+20]

Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, and others. Language models are few-shot learners. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 33. 2020.

[BDE+24]

Jake Bruce, Michael Dennis, Ashley Edwards, Jack Parker-Holder, Yuge Shi, Edward Hughes, Matthew Lai, Aditi Mavalankar, Richie Steigerwald, Chris Apps, Yusuf Aytar, Sarah Bechtle, Feryal Behbahani, Stephanie Chan, Nicolas Heess, Lucy Gonzalez, Simon Osindero, Sherjil Ozair, Scott Reed, Jingwei Zhang, Konrad Zolna, Jeff Clune, Nando de Freitas, Satinder Singh, and Tim Rocktäschel. Genie: generative interactive environments. In Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2024. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.15391.

[BZSL14]

Joan Bruna, Wojciech Zaremba, Arthur Szlam, and Yann LeCun. Spectral networks and locally connected networks on graphs. In International Conference on Learning Representations. 2014.

[BG18]

Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru. Gender shades: intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification. In Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency (FAccT), PMLR 81, 77–91. 2018. URL: https://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/buolamwini18a.html.

[BESK19]

Yuri Burda, Harrison Edwards, Amos Storkey, and Oleg Klimov. Exploration by random network distillation. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2019. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.12894.

[CMS+20]

Nicolas Carion, Francisco Massa, Gabriel Synnaeve, Nicolas Usunier, Alexander Kirillov, and Sergey Zagoruyko. End-to-end object detection with transformers. In European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), 213–229. 2020.

[CTramerW+21]

Nicholas Carlini, Florian Tramèr, Eric Wallace, Matthew Jagielski, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Katherine Lee, Adam Roberts, Tom Brown, Dawn Song, Úlfar Erlingsson, Alina Oprea, and Colin Raffel. Extracting training data from large language models. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 21), 2633–2650. 2021.

[CMM+20]

Mathilde Caron, Ishan Misra, Julien Mairal, Priya Goyal, Piotr Bojanowski, and Armand Joulin. Unsupervised learning of visual features by contrasting cluster assignments. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.09882.

[CTM+21]

Mathilde Caron, Hugo Touvron, Ishan Misra, Hervé Jégou, Julien Mairal, Piotr Bojanowski, and Armand Joulin. Emerging properties in self-supervised vision transformers. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 9650–9660. 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.14294.

[Car97]

Rich Caruana. Multitask learning. Machine Learning, 28(1):41–75, 1997. URL: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007379606734.

[CPY+25]

Mert Cemri, Melissa Z. Pan, Shuyi Yang, Lakshya A. Agrawal, Bhavya Chopra, Rishabh Tiwari, Kurt Keutzer, Aditya Parameswaran, Dan Klein, Kannan Ramchandran, Matei Zaharia, Joseph E. Gonzalez, and Ion Stoica. Why do multi-agent llm systems fail? In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), Datasets and Benchmarks Track. 2025. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.13657.

[CJLV16]

William Chan, Navdeep Jaitly, Quoc Le, and Oriol Vinyals. Listen, attend and spell: a neural network for large vocabulary conversational speech recognition. In IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 2016.

[CWSD+24]

David Chanin, James Wilken-Smith, Tomáš Dulka, Hardik Bhatnagar, Satvik Golechha, and Joseph Bloom. A is for absorption: studying feature splitting and absorption in sparse autoencoders. arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.14507, 2024. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.14507.

[CWBV00]

Olivier Chapelle, Jason Weston, Léon Bottou, and Vladimir Vapnik. Vicinal risk minimization. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), volume 13. 2000.

[CBI+23]

Charlie Chen, Sebastian Borgeaud, Geoffrey Irving, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Laurent Sifre, and John Jumper. Accelerating large language model decoding with speculative sampling. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.01318, 2023.

[CZZ+23]

Keqin Chen, Zhao Zhang, Weili Zeng, Richong Zhang, Feng Zhu, and Rui Zhao. Shikra: unleashing multimodal LLM's referential dialogue magic. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.15195, 2023.

[CLR+21]

Lili Chen, Kevin Lu, Aravind Rajeswaran, Kimin Lee, Aditya Grover, Michael Laskin, Pieter Abbeel, Aravind Srinivas, and Igor Mordatch. Decision transformer: reinforcement learning via sequence modeling. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.01345.

[CLD+24]

Lin Chen, Jinsong Li, Xiaoyi Dong, Pan Zhang, Yuhang Zang, Zehui Chen, Haodong Duan, Jiaqi Wang, Yu Qiao, Dahua Lin, and Feng Zhao. Are we on the right way for evaluating large vision-language models? arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.20330, 2024.

[CTJ+21]

Mark Chen, Jerry Tworek, Heewoo Jun, Qiming Yuan, Henrique Ponde de Oliveira Pinto, Jared Kaplan, Harri Edwards, Yuri Burda, Nicholas Joseph, Greg Brockman, Alex Ray, Raul Puri, Gretchen Krueger, Michael Petrov, Heidy Khlaaf, Girish Sastry, Pamela Mishkin, Brooke Chan, Scott Gray, Nick Ryder, Mikhail Pavlov, Alethea Power, Lukasz Kaiser, Mohammad Bavarian, Clemens Winter, Philippe Tillet, Felipe Petroski Such, Dave Cummings, Matthias Plappert, Fotios Chantzis, Elizabeth Barnes, Ariel Herbert-Voss, William Hebgen Guss, Alex Nichol, Alex Paino, Nikolas Tezak, Jie Tang, Igor Babuschkin, Suchir Balaji, Shantanu Jain, William Saunders, Christopher Hesse, Andrew N. Carr, Jan Leike, Josh Achiam, Vedant Misra, Evan Morikawa, Alec Radford, Matthew Knight, Miles Brundage, Mira Murati, Katie Mayer, Peter Welinder, Bob McGrew, Dario Amodei, Sam McCandlish, Ilya Sutskever, and Wojciech Zaremba. Evaluating large language models trained on code. OpenAI, arXiv:2107.03374, 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.03374.

[CRBD18]

Ricky T. Q. Chen, Yulia Rubanova, Jesse Bettencourt, and David Duvenaud. Neural ordinary differential equations. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2018.

[CG99]

Stanley F. Chen and Joshua Goodman. An empirical study of smoothing techniques for language modeling. Computer Speech & Language, 13(4):359–394, 1999. doi:10.1006/csla.1999.0128.

[CC95]

Tianping Chen and Hong Chen. Universal approximation to nonlinear operators by neural networks with arbitrary activation functions and its application to dynamical systems. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 6(4):911–917, 1995. doi:10.1109/72.392253.

[CG16]

Tianqi Chen and Carlos Guestrin. Xgboost: a scalable tree boosting system. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD), 785–794. 2016. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.02754.

[CKNH20]

Ting Chen, Simon Kornblith, Mohammad Norouzi, and Geoffrey Hinton. A simple framework for contrastive learning of visual representations. In Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 1597–1607. 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.05709.

[CH21]

Xinlei Chen and Kaiming He. Exploring simple siamese representation learning. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 15750–15758. 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.10566.

[CWT+24]

Zhe Chen, Weiyun Wang, Hao Tian, Shenglong Ye, Zhangwei Gao, Erfei Cui, Wenwen Tong, Kongzhi Hu, Jiapeng Luo, Zheng Ma, and others. How far are we to GPT-4V? closing the gap to commercial multimodal models with open-source suites. arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.16821, 2024.

[Che26]

Boris Cherny. I don't prompt Claude anymore. I have loops running that prompt Claude and figuring out what to do. My job is to write loops. Dichiarazione pubblica, giugno 2026; formulazione raccolta in \texttt resources/sources.md del repository \emph loop-engineering di Cobus Greyling, 2026. URL: cobusgreyling/loop-engineering.

[CvMerrienboerG+14]

Kyunghyun Cho, Bart van Merriënboer, Caglar Gulcehre, Dzmitry Bahdanau, Fethi Bougares, Holger Schwenk, and Yoshua Bengio. Learning phrase representations using RNN encoder–decoder for statistical machine translation. In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). 2014.

[Cho17a]

François Chollet. Xception: deep learning with depthwise separable convolutions. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 1251–1258. 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.02357.

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[CLD+21]

Krzysztof Choromanski, Valerii Likhosherstov, David Dohan, Xingyou Song, Andreea Gane, Tamás Sarlós, Peter Hawkins, Jared Davis, Afroz Mohiuddin, Lukasz Kaiser, David Belanger, Lucy Colwell, and Adrian Weller. Rethinking attention with Performers. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2021.

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Alexandra Chouldechova. Fair prediction with disparate impact: a study of bias in recidivism prediction instruments. Big Data, 5(2):153–163, 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.00056.

[CLB+17]

Paul F. Christiano, Jan Leike, Tom B. Brown, Miljan Martic, Shane Legg, and Dario Amodei. Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 30. 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03741.

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Casey Chu, Andrey Zhmoginov, and Mark Sandler. CycleGAN, a master of steganography. In NIPS 2017 Workshop on Machine Deception. 2017. arXiv:1712.02950.

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Jack Clark and Dario Amodei. Faulty reward functions in the wild. OpenAI Blog, December 2016. URL: https://openai.com/index/faulty-reward-functions/.

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Kevin Clark, Urvashi Khandelwal, Omer Levy, and Christopher D. Manning. What does BERT look at? an analysis of BERT's attention. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACL Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP, 276–286. 2019. URL: https://aclanthology.org/W19-4828/.

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Kevin Clark, Minh-Thang Luong, Quoc V. Le, and Christopher D. Manning. ELECTRA: pre-training text encoders as discriminators rather than generators. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.10555.

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Jeremy Cohen, Elan Rosenfeld, and J. Zico Kolter. Certified adversarial robustness via randomized smoothing. In Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 1310–1320. 2019.

[CKG+20]

Alexis Conneau, Kartikay Khandelwal, Naman Goyal, Vishrav Chaudhary, Guillaume Wenzek, Francisco Guzmán, Edouard Grave, Myle Ott, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. Unsupervised cross-lingual representation learning at scale. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 8440–8451. 2020.

[CKG+23]

Jade Copet, Felix Kreuk, Itai Gat, Tal Remez, David Kant, Gabriel Synnaeve, Yossi Adi, and Alexandre Défossez. Simple and controllable music generation. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 36. 2023.

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Gordon V. Cormack, Charles L. A. Clarke, and Stefan Büttcher. Reciprocal rank fusion outperforms Condorcet and individual rank learning methods. In Proceedings of the 32nd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR), 758–759. 2009. doi:10.1145/1571941.1572114.

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Rémi Coulom. Efficient selectivity and backup operators in Monte-Carlo tree search. In Computers and Games (CG 2006), volume 4630 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 72–83. Springer, 2006.

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Paul Covington, Jay Adams, and Emre Sargin. Deep neural networks for YouTube recommendations. In Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (RecSys), 191–198. 2016. doi:10.1145/2959100.2959190.

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Kenneth James Williams Craik. The Nature of Explanation. Cambridge University Press, 1943.

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Ekin D. Cubuk, Barret Zoph, Dandelion Mané, Vijay Vasudevan, and Quoc V. Le. AutoAugment: learning augmentation strategies from data. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 113–123. 2019.

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Navneet Dalal and Bill Triggs. Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2005.

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Tri Dao. FlashAttention-2: faster attention with better parallelism and work partitioning. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2024.

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Tri Dao, Daniel Y. Fu, Stefano Ermon, Atri Rudra, and Christopher Ré. FlashAttention: fast and memory-efficient exact attention with IO-awareness. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2022.

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Tri Dao and Albert Gu. Transformers are SSMs: generalized models and efficient algorithms through structured state space duality. In Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2024.

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Jeffrey Dastin. Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women. Reuters, October 2018. URL: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight-idUSKCN1MK08G/.

[DPG+14]

Yann N. Dauphin, Razvan Pascanu, Caglar Gulcehre, Kyunghyun Cho, Surya Ganguli, and Yoshua Bengio. Identifying and attacking the saddle point problem in high-dimensional non-convex optimization. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 27. 2014.

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Tim De Ryck, Florent Bonnet, Siddhartha Mishra, and Emmanuel de Bézenac. An operator preconditioning perspective on training in physics-informed machine learning. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2024.

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Jeffrey Dean and Luiz André Barroso. The tail at scale. Communications of the ACM, 56(2):74–80, February 2013. doi:10.1145/2408776.2408794.

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Kalyanmoy Deb, Amrit Pratap, Sameer Agarwal, and T. Meyarivan. A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm: nsga-ii. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation, 6(2):182–197, 2002.

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Michaël Defferrard, Xavier Bresson, and Pierre Vandergheynst. Convolutional neural networks on graphs with fast localized spectral filtering. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 29. 2016. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.09375.

[DGV+19]

Mostafa Dehghani, Stephan Gouws, Oriol Vinyals, Jakob Uszkoreit, and Łukasz Kaiser. Universal transformers. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2019. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.03819.

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Mete Demircigil, Judith Heusel, Matthias Löwe, Sven Upgang, and Franck Vermet. On a model of associative memory with huge storage capacity. Journal of Statistical Physics, 168(2):288–299, 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.01929.

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Arthur P. Dempster, Nan M. Laird, and Donald B. Rubin. Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B (Methodological), 39(1):1–22, 1977. URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x.

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Tim Dettmers, Mike Lewis, Younes Belkada, and Luke Zettlemoyer. LLM.int8(): 8-bit matrix multiplication for transformers at scale. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 35. 2022.

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Tim Dettmers, Artidoro Pagnoni, Ari Holtzman, and Luke Zettlemoyer. QLoRA: efficient finetuning of quantized LLMs. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 (NeurIPS). 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.14314, arXiv:2305.14314.

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Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In Proceedings of NAACL-HLT, 4171–4186. 2019.

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Terrance DeVries and Graham W. Taylor. Improved regularization of convolutional neural networks with cutout. arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.04552, 2017.

[DJP+20]

Prafulla Dhariwal, Heewoo Jun, Christine Payne, Jong Wook Kim, Alec Radford, and Ilya Sutskever. Jukebox: a generative model for music. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.00341, 2020.

[DN21]

Prafulla Dhariwal and Alexander Nichol. Diffusion models beat GANs on image synthesis. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 34. 2021.

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Amit Dhurandhar, Pin-Yu Chen, Ronny Luss, Chun-Chen Tu, Paishun Ting, Karthikeyan Shanmugam, and Payel Das. Explanations based on the missing: towards contrastive explanations with pertinent negatives. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 31. 2018.

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William Dieterich, Christina Mendoza, and Tim Brennan. COMPAS risk scales: demonstrating accuracy equity and predictive parity. Technical Report, Northpointe Inc. Research Department, July 2016. Rapporto tecnico dell'8 luglio 2016, risposta all'inchiesta di ProPublica. URL: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2998391-ProPublica-Commentary-Final-070616/.

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Laurent Dinh, David Krueger, and Yoshua Bengio. NICE: non-linear independent components estimation. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), Workshop Track. 2015. arXiv:1410.8516.

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Laurent Dinh, Razvan Pascanu, Samy Bengio, and Yoshua Bengio. Sharp minima can generalize for deep nets. In Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.04933, arXiv:1703.04933.

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Laurent Dinh, Jascha Sohl-Dickstein, and Samy Bengio. Density estimation using Real NVP. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2017.

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Finale Doshi-Velez and Been Kim. Towards a rigorous science of interpretable machine learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.08608, 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.08608.

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Alexey Dosovitskiy, Lucas Beyer, Alexander Kolesnikov, Dirk Weissenborn, Xiaohua Zhai, Thomas Unterthiner, Mostafa Dehghani, Matthias Minderer, Georg Heigold, Sylvain Gelly, Jakob Uszkoreit, and Neil Houlsby. An image is worth 16x16 words: transformers for image recognition at scale. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2021.

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Yilun Du and Igor Mordatch. Implicit generation and modeling with energy based models. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 32. 2019. URL: https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2019/hash/378a063b8fdb1db941e34f4bde584c7d-Abstract.html.

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John Duchi, Elad Hazan, and Yoram Singer. Adaptive subgradient methods for online learning and stochastic optimization. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 12:2121–2159, 2011.

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David Duvenaud, Dougal Maclaurin, Jorge Aguilera-Iparraguirre, Rafael Gómez-Bombarelli, Timothy Hirzel, Alán Aspuru-Guzik, and Ryan P. Adams. Convolutional networks on graphs for learning molecular fingerprints. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 28. 2015. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.09292.

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Vijay Prakash Dwivedi and Xavier Bresson. A generalization of transformer networks to graphs. AAAI Workshop on Deep Learning on Graphs, 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.09699.

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Cynthia Dwork, Moritz Hardt, Toniann Pitassi, Omer Reingold, and Richard Zemel. Fairness through awareness. In Proceedings of the 3rd Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS). 2012. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1104.3913.

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Cynthia Dwork, Frank McSherry, Kobbi Nissim, and Adam Smith. Calibrating noise to sensitivity in private data analysis. In Theory of Cryptography Conference (TCC), 265–284. 2006.

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Cynthia Dwork and Aaron Roth. The algorithmic foundations of differential privacy. Foundations and Trends in Theoretical Computer Science, 9(3–4):211–407, 2014. URL: https://doi.org/10.1561/0400000042, doi:10.1561/0400000042.

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Alexandre Défossez, Jade Copet, Gabriel Synnaeve, and Yossi Adi. High fidelity neural audio compression. Transactions on Machine Learning Research (TMLR), 2023.

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Brown Ebouky, Andrea Bartezzaghi, and Mattia Rigotti. Eliciting reasoning in language models with cognitive tools. arXiv preprint arXiv:2506.12115, 2025.

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David Eigen, Marc'Aurelio Ranzato, and Ilya Sutskever. Learning factored representations in a deep mixture of experts. arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.4314, 2013.

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Ronen Eldan and Ohad Shamir. The power of depth for feedforward neural networks. In 29th Annual Conference on Learning Theory (COLT). 2016. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.03965, arXiv:1512.03965.

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Nelson Elhage, Tristan Hume, Catherine Olsson, Nicholas Schiefer, Tom Henighan, Shauna Kravec, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Robert Lasenby, Dawn Drain, Carol Chen, Roger Grosse, Sam McCandlish, Jared Kaplan, Dario Amodei, Martin Wattenberg, and Christopher Olah. Toy models of superposition. Transformer Circuits Thread, Anthropic, 2022. URL: https://transformer-circuits.pub/2022/toy_model/index.html.

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Nelson Elhage, Neel Nanda, Catherine Olsson, Tom Henighan, Nicholas Joseph, Ben Mann, Amanda Askell, Yuntao Bai, Anna Chen, Tom Conerly, Dawn Drain, Deep Ganguli, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Danny Hernandez, Andy Jones, Jackson Kernion, Liane Lovitt, Kamal Ndousse, Dario Amodei, Tom Brown, Jack Clark, Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, and Chris Olah. A mathematical framework for transformer circuits. Transformer Circuits Thread, 2021. URL: https://transformer-circuits.pub/2021/framework/index.html.

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Charles Elkan. The foundations of cost-sensitive learning. In Proceedings of the 17th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI), 973–978. 2001.

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Logan Engstrom, Andrew Ilyas, Shibani Santurkar, Dimitris Tsipras, Firdaus Janoos, Larry Rudolph, and Aleksander Madry. Implementation matters in deep policy gradients: a case study on PPO and TRPO. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.12729, arXiv:2005.12729.

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Shahul Es, Jithin James, Luis Espinosa-Anke, and Steven Schockaert. RAGAs: automated evaluation of retrieval augmented generation. In Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL): System Demonstrations, 150–158. 2024.

[EKB+24]

Patrick Esser, Sumith Kulal, Andreas Blattmann, Rahim Entezari, Jonas Müller, Harry Saini, Yam Levi, Dominik Lorenz, Axel Sauer, Frederic Boesel, Dustin Podell, Tim Dockhorn, Zion English, Kyle Lacey, Alex Goodwin, Yannik Marek, and Robin Rombach. Scaling rectified flow transformers for high-resolution image synthesis. In Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2024. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.03206.

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Patrick Esser, Robin Rombach, and Björn Ommer. Taming transformers for high-resolution image synthesis. In IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2021.

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Richard Evans and Jim Gao. Deepmind ai reduces google data centre cooling bill by 40%. DeepMind blog, 7 2016. URL: https://deepmind.google/discover/blog/deepmind-ai-reduces-google-data-centre-cooling-bill-by-40/.

[FSW+25]

Manuel Faysse, Hugues Sibille, Tony Wu, Bilel Omrani, Gautier Viaud, Céline Hudelot, and Pierre Colombo. ColPali: efficient document retrieval with vision language models. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2025.

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William Fedus, Barret Zoph, and Noam Shazeer. Switch Transformers: scaling to trillion parameter models with simple and efficient sparsity. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 23(120):1–39, 2022.

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Fangxiaoyu Feng, Yinfei Yang, Daniel Cer, Naveen Arivazhagan, and Wei Wang. Language-agnostic bert sentence embedding. In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 878–891. 2022.

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Maurizio Ferrari Dacrema, Paolo Cremonesi, and Dietmar Jannach. Are we really making much progress? a worrying analysis of recent neural recommendation approaches. In Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (RecSys '19), 101–109. 2019. Best Long Paper; arXiv:1907.06902. doi:10.1145/3298689.3347058.

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John R. Firth. A synopsis of linguistic theory, 1930–1955. In Studies in Linguistic Analysis, pages 1–32. Blackwell, Oxford, 1957.

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Aaron Fisher, Cynthia Rudin, and Francesca Dominici. All models are wrong, but many are useful: learning a variable's importance by studying an entire class of prediction models simultaneously. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 20(177):1–81, 2019. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.01489.

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Seth Flaxman, Sharad Goel, and Justin M. Rao. Filter bubbles, echo chambers, and online news consumption. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(S1):298–320, 2016. doi:10.1093/poq/nfw006.

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Jakob N. Foerster, Gregory Farquhar, Triantafyllos Afouras, Nantas Nardelli, and Shimon Whiteson. Counterfactual multi-agent policy gradients. In Proceedings of the Thirty-Second AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 2974–2982. 2018.

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Riccardo Fogliato, Max G'Sell, and Alexandra Chouldechova. Fairness evaluation in presence of biased noisy labels. In Proceedings of the Twenty Third International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS), volume 108 of Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 2325–2336. PMLR, 2020. URL: https://proceedings.mlr.press/v108/fogliato20a.html, arXiv:2003.13808.

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Jonathan Frankle and Michael Carbin. The lottery ticket hypothesis: finding sparse, trainable neural networks. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2019. arXiv:1803.03635.

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Elias Frantar, Saleh Ashkboos, Torsten Hoefler, and Dan Alistarh. GPTQ: accurate post-training quantization for generative pre-trained transformers. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2023.

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Jerome H. Friedman. Greedy function approximation: a gradient boosting machine. The Annals of Statistics, 29(5):1189–1232, 2001.

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Daniel Y. Fu, Tri Dao, Khaled K. Saab, Armin W. Thomas, Atri Rudra, and Christopher Ré. Hungry hungry hippos: towards language modeling with state space models. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2023.

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Scott Fujimoto, David Meger, and Doina Precup. Off-policy deep reinforcement learning without exploration. In International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2019. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.02900.

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Scott Fujimoto, Herke van Hoof, and David Meger. Addressing function approximation error in actor-critic methods. In International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2018. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.09477.

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Leo Gao, John Schulman, and Jacob Hilton. Scaling laws for reward model overoptimization. In Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), volume 202 of Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 10835–10866. PMLR, 2023. URL: https://proceedings.mlr.press/v202/gao23h.html, arXiv:2210.10760.

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Luyu Gao, Xueguang Ma, Jimmy Lin, and Jamie Callan. Precise zero-shot dense retrieval without relevance labels. In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 1762–1777. 2023.

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Leon A. Gatys, Alexander S. Ecker, and Matthias Bethge. Image style transfer using convolutional neural networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2414–2423. 2016.

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Jort F. Gemmeke, Daniel P. W. Ellis, Dylan Freedman, Aren Jansen, Wade Lawrence, R. Channing Moore, Manoj Plakal, and Marvin Ritter. Audio set: an ontology and human-labeled dataset for audio events. In IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 776–780. 2017.

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Justin Gilmer, Samuel S. Schoenholz, Patrick F. Riley, Oriol Vinyals, and George E. Dahl. Neural message passing for quantum chemistry. In Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 1263–1272. 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.01212.

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Ross Girshick, Jeff Donahue, Trevor Darrell, and Jitendra Malik. Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2014.

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Xavier Glorot, Antoine Bordes, and Yoshua Bengio. Deep sparse rectifier neural networks. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS). 2011.

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Alex Goldstein, Adam Kapelner, Justin Bleich, and Emil Pitkin. Peeking inside the black box: visualizing statistical learning with plots of individual conditional expectation. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 24(1):44–65, 2015. URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2014.907095.

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Yuan Gong, Yu-An Chung, and James Glass. AST: audio spectrogram transformer. In Interspeech, 571–575. 2021.

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Ian Goodfellow, Jean Pouget-Abadie, Mehdi Mirza, Bing Xu, David Warde-Farley, Sherjil Ozair, Aaron Courville, and Yoshua Bengio. Generative adversarial nets. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 27. 2014.

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Ian J. Goodfellow, Jonathon Shlens, and Christian Szegedy. Explaining and harnessing adversarial examples. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2015. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6572.

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Priya Goyal, Piotr Dollár, Ross Girshick, Pieter Noordhuis, Lukasz Wesolowski, Aapo Kyrola, Andrew Tulloch, Yangqing Jia, and Kaiming He. Accurate, large minibatch sgd: training imagenet in 1 hour. arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.02677, 2017.

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Will Grathwohl, Ricky T. Q. Chen, Jesse Bettencourt, Ilya Sutskever, and David Duvenaud. FFJORD: free-form continuous dynamics for scalable reversible generative models. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2019.

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Will Grathwohl, Kuan-Chieh Wang, Jörn-Henrik Jacobsen, David Duvenaud, Mohammad Norouzi, and Kevin Swersky. Your classifier is secretly an energy based model and you should treat it like one. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.03263.

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Alex Graves, Santiago Fernández, Faustino Gomez, and Jürgen Schmidhuber. Connectionist temporal classification: labelling unsegmented sequence data with recurrent neural networks. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 369–376. 2006.

[GAM+23]

Kai Greshake, Sahar Abdelnabi, Shailesh Mishra, Christoph Endres, Thorsten Holz, and Mario Fritz. Not what you've signed up for: compromising real-world LLM-integrated applications with indirect prompt injection. In Proceedings of the 16th ACM Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security (AISec '23), 79–90. Association for Computing Machinery, 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.12173, doi:10.1145/3605764.3623985.

[Gre26]

Cobus Greyling. Loop-engineering. Repository GitHub, 2026. URL: cobusgreyling/loop-engineering.

[GSAltche+20]

Jean-Bastien Grill, Florian Strub, Florent Altché, Corentin Tallec, Pierre H. Richemond, Elena Buchatskaya, Carl Doersch, Bernardo Avila Pires, Zhaohan Daniel Guo, Mohammad Gheshlaghi Azar, Bilal Piot, Koray Kavukcuoglu, Rémi Munos, and Michal Valko. Bootstrap your own latent: a new approach to self-supervised learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 33, 21271–21284. 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.07733.

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Léo Grinsztajn, Edouard Oyallon, and Gaël Varoquaux. Why do tree-based models still outperform deep learning on typical tabular data? In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35 (NeurIPS 2022), Datasets and Benchmarks Track. 2022. arXiv:2207.08815.

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Aditya Grover and Jure Leskovec. Node2vec: scalable feature learning for networks. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD), 855–864. 2016. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.00653.

[GD24]

Albert Gu and Tri Dao. Mamba: linear-time sequence modeling with selective state spaces. In First Conference on Language Modeling (COLM). 2024. Outstanding Paper Award; preprint arXiv:2312.00752 (2023).

[GDE+20]

Albert Gu, Tri Dao, Stefano Ermon, Atri Rudra, and Christopher Ré. HiPPO: recurrent memory with optimal polynomial projections. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2020.

[GGRe22]

Albert Gu, Karan Goel, and Christopher Ré. Efficiently modeling long sequences with structured state spaces. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2022.

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Tianyu Gu, Brendan Dolan-Gavitt, and Siddharth Garg. BadNets: identifying vulnerabilities in the machine learning model supply chain. arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.06733, 2017.

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Ishaan Gulrajani, Faruk Ahmed, Martin Arjovsky, Vincent Dumoulin, and Aaron Courville. Improved training of wasserstein GANs. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 30. 2017.

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Michael Gutmann and Aapo Hyvärinen. Noise-contrastive estimation: a new estimation principle for unnormalized statistical models. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS), volume 9. 2010. URL: https://proceedings.mlr.press/v9/gutmann10a.html.

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Michael U. Gutmann and Aapo Hyvärinen. Noise-contrastive estimation of unnormalized statistical models, with applications to natural image statistics. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 13:307–361, 2012. URL: https://jmlr.org/papers/v13/gutmann12a.html.

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Aurélien Géron. Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques to Build Intelligent Systems. O'Reilly Media, 3 edition, 2022. ISBN 978-1-098-12597-4.

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David Ha and Jürgen Schmidhuber. Recurrent world models facilitate policy evolution. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS). 2018. Circolato anche come \emph World Models, arXiv:1803.10122. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.10122.

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Tuomas Haarnoja, Aurick Zhou, Pieter Abbeel, and Sergey Levine. Soft actor-critic: off-policy maximum entropy deep reinforcement learning with a stochastic actor. In International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2018. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.01290.

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Danijar Hafner, Jurgis Pasukonis, Jimmy Ba, and Timothy Lillicrap. Mastering diverse control tasks through world models. Nature, 640:647–653, 2025. Preprint 2023: \emph Mastering Diverse Domains through World Models, arXiv:2301.04104. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08744-2.

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William L. Hamilton. Graph Representation Learning. Synthesis Lectures on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Morgan & Claypool, 2020.

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William L. Hamilton, Rex Ying, and Jure Leskovec. Inductive representation learning on large graphs. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 30. 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.02216.

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David K. Hammond, Pierre Vandergheynst, and Rémi Gribonval. Wavelets on graphs via spectral graph theory. Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis, 30(2):129–150, 2011.

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Awni Y. Hannun, Pranav Rajpurkar, Masoumeh Haghpanahi, Geoffrey H. Tison, Codie Bourn, Mintu P. Turakhia, and Andrew Y. Ng. Cardiologist-level arrhythmia detection and classification in ambulatory electrocardiograms using a deep neural network. Nature Medicine, 25(1):65–69, 2019. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0268-3.

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Moritz Hardt, Eric Price, and Nathan Srebro. Equality of opportunity in supervised learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2016. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.02413.

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F. Maxwell Harper and Joseph A. Konstan. The MovieLens datasets: history and context. ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems, 5(4):1–19, 2015.

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Richard Hartley and Andrew Zisserman. Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision. Cambridge University Press, 2 edition, 2004.

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Horace He. Defeating nondeterminism in LLM inference. Thinking Machines Lab, 10 settembre 2025, 2025. URL: https://thinkingmachines.ai/blog/defeating-nondeterminism-in-llm-inference/.

[HCX+22]

Kaiming He, Xinlei Chen, Saining Xie, Yanghao Li, Piotr Dollár, and Ross Girshick. Masked autoencoders are scalable vision learners. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 16000–16009. 2022. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.06377.

[HFW+20]

Kaiming He, Haoqi Fan, Yuxin Wu, Saining Xie, and Ross Girshick. Momentum contrast for unsupervised visual representation learning. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 9729–9738. 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.05722.

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Kaiming He, Georgia Gkioxari, Piotr Dollár, and Ross Girshick. Mask R-CNN. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). 2017.

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Kaiming He, Xiangyu Zhang, Shaoqing Ren, and Jian Sun. Delving deep into rectifiers: surpassing human-level performance on imagenet classification. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 1026–1034. 2015. doi:10.1109/ICCV.2015.123.

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Kaiming He, Xiangyu Zhang, Shaoqing Ren, and Jian Sun. Deep residual learning for image recognition. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 770–778. 2016.

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Xiangnan He, Kuan Deng, Xiang Wang, Yan Li, Yongdong Zhang, and Meng Wang. Lightgcn: simplifying and powering graph convolution network for recommendation. In Proceedings of the 43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 639–648. 2020.

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Xiangnan He, Lizi Liao, Hanwang Zhang, Liqiang Nie, Xia Hu, and Tat-Seng Chua. Neural collaborative filtering. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web, 173–182. 2017.

[HSP+19]

Yanzhang He, Tara N. Sainath, Rohit Prabhavalkar, Ian McGraw, Raziel Alvarez, Ding Zhao, David Rybach, Anjuli Kannan, Yonghui Wu, Ruoming Pang, Qiao Liang, Deepti Bhatia, Yuan Shangguan, Bo Li, Golan Pundak, Khe Chai Sim, Tom Bagby, Shuo-yiin Chang, Kanishka Rao, and Alexander Gruenstein. Streaming end-to-end speech recognition for mobile devices. In IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 2019. arXiv:1811.06621.

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Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. Measuring massive multitask language understanding. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.03300, arXiv:2009.03300.

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Dan Hendrycks and Kevin Gimpel. Gaussian error linear units (GELUs). arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.08415, 2016.

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Martin Heusel, Hubert Ramsauer, Thomas Unterthiner, Bernhard Nessler, and Sepp Hochreiter. Gans trained by a two time-scale update rule converge to a local nash equilibrium. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 30. 2017.

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John Hewitt and Percy Liang. Designing and interpreting probes with control tasks. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP), 2733–2743. 2019. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.03368.

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Balázs Hidasi, Alexandros Karatzoglou, Linas Baltrunas, and Domonkos Tikk. Session-based recommendations with recurrent neural networks. In 4th International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR 2016). 2016. arXiv:1511.06939.

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Geoffrey Hinton, Li Deng, Dong Yu, George E. Dahl, Abdel-rahman Mohamed, Navdeep Jaitly, Andrew Senior, Vincent Vanhoucke, Patrick Nguyen, Tara N. Sainath, and Brian Kingsbury. Deep neural networks for acoustic modeling in speech recognition: the shared views of four research groups. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 29(6):82–97, 2012. doi:10.1109/MSP.2012.2205597.

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Geoffrey E. Hinton. Training products of experts by minimizing contrastive divergence. Neural Computation, 14(8):1771–1800, 2002. URL: https://direct.mit.edu/neco/article/14/8/1771/6687, doi:10.1162/089976602760128018.

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Geoffrey E. Hinton, Simon Osindero, and Yee-Whye Teh. A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets. Neural Computation, 18(7):1527–1554, 2006. doi:10.1162/neco.2006.18.7.1527.

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Jonathan Ho, Ajay Jain, and Pieter Abbeel. Denoising diffusion probabilistic models. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 33, 6840–6851. 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.11239.

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Jonathan Ho and Tim Salimans. Classifier-free diffusion guidance. arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.12598, 2022. Versione breve presentata al NeurIPS 2021 Workshop on Deep Generative Models and Downstream Applications. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.12598.

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Sepp Hochreiter and Jürgen Schmidhuber. Long short-term memory. Neural Computation, 9(8):1735–1780, 1997.

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Matthew D. Hoffman and Matthew J. Johnson. ELBO surgery: yet another way to carve up the variational evidence lower bound. In NIPS Workshop on Advances in Approximate Bayesian Inference. 2016.

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Jordan Hoffmann, Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Elena Buchatskaya, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, and others. Training compute-optimal large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2203.15556, 2022.

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John H. Holland. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems. University of Michigan Press, 1975.

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Ari Holtzman, Jan Buys, Li Du, Maxwell Forbes, and Yejin Choi. The curious case of neural text degeneration. In International Conference on Learning Representations. 2020. URL: https://openreview.net/forum?id=rygGQyrFvH.

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Sanghyun Hong, Pietro Frigo, Yiğitcan Kaya, Cristiano Giuffrida, and Tudor Dumitraş. Terminal brain damage: exposing the graceless degradation in deep neural networks under hardware fault attacks. In 28th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 19), 497–514. 2019.

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Giles Hooker, Lucas Mentch, and Siyu Zhou. Unrestricted permutation forces extrapolation: variable importance requires at least one more model, or there is no free variable importance. Statistics and Computing, 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.03151.

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John J. Hopfield. Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 79(8):2554–2558, 1982. URL: https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554, doi:10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554.

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Berthold K. P. Horn and Brian G. Schunck. Determining optical flow. Artificial Intelligence, 17(1–3):185–203, 1981.

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Harold Hotelling. Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components. Journal of Educational Psychology, 24(6):417–441, 1933.

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Andrew G. Howard, Menglong Zhu, Bo Chen, Dmitry Kalenichenko, Weijun Wang, Tobias Weyand, Marco Andreetto, and Hartwig Adam. MobileNets: efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:1704.04861, 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.04861.

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Wei-Ning Hsu, Benjamin Bolte, Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai, Kushal Lakhotia, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, and Abdelrahman Mohamed. HuBERT: self-supervised speech representation learning by masked prediction of hidden units. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing (TASLP), 29:3451–3460, 2021.

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Edward J. Hu, Yelong Shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, and Weizhu Chen. Lora: low-rank adaptation of large language models. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2022. arXiv:2106.09685.

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Yifan Hu, Yehuda Koren, and Chris Volinsky. Collaborative filtering for implicit feedback datasets. In Proceedings of the 2008 Eighth IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM '08), 263–272. 2008. doi:10.1109/ICDM.2008.22.

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Zheyuan Hu, Khemraj Shukla, George Em Karniadakis, and Kenji Kawaguchi. Tackling the curse of dimensionality with physics-informed neural networks. Neural Networks, 176:106369, 2024. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2024.106369.

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Cheng-Zhi Anna Huang, Ashish Vaswani, Jakob Uszkoreit, Noam Shazeer, Ian Simon, Curtis Hawthorne, Andrew M. Dai, Matthew D. Hoffman, Monica Dinculescu, and Douglas Eck. Music transformer: generating music with long-term structure. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2019.

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Gao Huang, Zhuang Liu, Laurens van der Maaten, and Kilian Q. Weinberger. Densely connected convolutional networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 4700–4708. 2017.

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Xun Huang and Serge Belongie. Arbitrary style transfer in real-time with adaptive instance normalization. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). 2017.

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Yanping Huang, Youlong Cheng, Ankur Bapna, Orhan Firat, Mia Xu Chen, Dehao Chen, HyoukJoong Lee, Jiquan Ngiam, Quoc V. Le, Yonghui Wu, and Zhifeng Chen. GPipe: efficient training of giant neural networks using pipeline parallelism. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2019.

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Yu-Siang Huang and Yi-Hsuan Yang. Pop Music Transformer: beat-based modeling and generation of expressive pop piano compositions. In Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MM), 1180–1188. 2020.

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David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel. Receptive fields of single neurones in the cat's striate cortex. The Journal of Physiology, 148(3):574–591, 1959.

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Chip Huyen. Designing Machine Learning Systems: An Iterative Process for Production-Ready Applications. O'Reilly Media, 2022.

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Rob J. Hyndman and George Athanasopoulos. Forecasting: Principles and Practice. OTexts, 3 edition, 2021. URL: https://otexts.com/fpp3/.

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Rob J. Hyndman and Anne B. Koehler. Another look at measures of forecast accuracy. International Journal of Forecasting, 22(4):679–688, 2006. doi:10.1016/j.ijforecast.2006.03.001.

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Aapo Hyvärinen. Estimation of non-normalized statistical models by score matching. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 6:695–709, 2005. URL: https://jmlr.org/papers/v6/hyvarinen05a.html.

[IHM+16]

Forrest N. Iandola, Song Han, Matthew W. Moskewicz, Khalid Ashraf, William J. Dally, and Kurt Keutzer. SqueezeNet: AlexNet-level accuracy with 50x fewer parameters and $<$0.5MB model size. arXiv preprint arXiv:1602.07360, 2016. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.07360.

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Sergey Ioffe and Christian Szegedy. Batch normalization: accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift. In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2015.

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Geoffrey Irving, Paul Christiano, and Dario Amodei. Ai safety via debate. arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.00899, 2018. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.00899.

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Phillip Isola, Jun-Yan Zhu, Tinghui Zhou, and Alexei A. Efros. Image-to-image translation with conditional adversarial networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2017.

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Benoit Jacob, Skirmantas Kligys, Bo Chen, Menglong Zhu, Matthew Tang, Andrew Howard, Hartwig Adam, and Dmitry Kalenichenko. Quantization and training of neural networks for efficient integer-arithmetic-only inference. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2704–2713. 2018.

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Robert A. Jacobs, Michael I. Jordan, Steven J. Nowlan, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. Adaptive mixtures of local experts. Neural Computation, 3(1):79–87, 1991.

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Sarthak Jain and Byron C. Wallace. Attention is not explanation. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (NAACL-HLT), 3543–3556. 2019. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.10186.

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Kevin Jamieson and Ameet Talwalkar. Non-stochastic best arm identification and hyperparameter optimization. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, 240–248. 2016.

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Michael Janner, Justin Fu, Marvin Zhang, and Sergey Levine. When to trust your model: model-based policy optimization. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2019. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.08253.

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Yitong Ji, Aixin Sun, Jie Zhang, and Chenliang Li. A critical study on data leakage in recommender system offline evaluation. ACM Transactions on Information Systems, 41(3):75:1–75:27, 2023. arXiv:2010.11060. doi:10.1145/3569930.

[JYX+21]

Chao Jia, Yinfei Yang, Ye Xia, Yi-Ting Chen, Zarana Parekh, Hieu Pham, Quoc Le, Yun-Hsuan Sung, Zhen Li, and Tom Duerig. Scaling up visual and vision-language representation learning with noisy text supervision. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), volume 139, 4904–4916. 2021.

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Carlos E. Jimenez, John Yang, Alexander Wettig, Shunyu Yao, Kexin Pei, Ofir Press, and Karthik Narasimhan. SWE-bench: can language models resolve real-world GitHub issues? In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2024.

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Li Jing, Pascal Vincent, Yann LeCun, and Yuandong Tian. Understanding dimensional collapse in contrastive self-supervised learning. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2022. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.09348.

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Justin Johnson, Alexandre Alahi, and Li Fei-Fei. Perceptual losses for real-time style transfer and super-resolution. In European Conference on Computer Vision, 694–711. 2016.

[JSL+17]

Melvin Johnson, Mike Schuster, Quoc V. Le, Maxim Krikun, Yonghui Wu, Zhifeng Chen, Nikhil Thorat, Fernanda Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Greg Corrado, Macduff Hughes, and Jeffrey Dean. Google's multilingual neural machine translation system: enabling zero-shot translation. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 5:339–351, 2017.

[JYP+17]

Norman P. Jouppi, Cliff Young, Nishant Patil, David Patterson, and others. In-datacenter performance analysis of a tensor processing unit. In Proceedings of the 44th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, 1–12. 2017.

[JEP+21]

John Jumper, Richard Evans, Alexander Pritzel, Tim Green, Michael Figurnov, Olaf Ronneberger, and others. Highly accurate protein structure prediction with alphafold. Nature, 596(7873):583–589, 2021. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03819-2.

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Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin. Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition with Language Models. Edizione online degli autori, 3 edition, 2026. Bozza della terza edizione, rilasciata il 6 gennaio 2026. URL: https://web.stanford.edu/~jurafsky/slp3/.

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Karthikeyan K, Zihan Wang, Stephen Mayhew, and Dan Roth. Cross-lingual ability of multilingual bert: an empirical study. In International Conference on Learning Representations. 2020.

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Wang-Cheng Kang and Julian McAuley. Self-attentive sequential recommendation. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM), 197–206. 2018. doi:10.1109/ICDM.2018.00035.

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Anjuli Kannan, Yonghui Wu, Patrick Nguyen, Tara N. Sainath, Zhifeng Chen, and Rohit Prabhavalkar. An analysis of incorporating an external language model into a sequence-to-sequence model. In IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 2018. arXiv:1712.01996.

[KMH+20]

Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei. Scaling laws for neural language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.08361, 2020.

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Petr Karnakov, Sergey Litvinov, and Petros Koumoutsakos. Solving inverse problems in physics by optimizing a discrete loss: fast and accurate learning without neural networks. PNAS Nexus, 3(1):pgae005, 2024. doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae005.

[KKL+21]

George Em Karniadakis, Ioannis G. Kevrekidis, Lu Lu, Paris Perdikaris, Sifan Wang, and Liu Yang. Physics-informed machine learning. Nature Reviews Physics, 3(6):422–440, 2021. doi:10.1038/s42254-021-00314-5.

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Zohar Karnin, Tomer Koren, and Oren Somekh. Almost optimal exploration in multi-armed bandits. In Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), volume 28 of PMLR, 1238–1246. 2013.

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Andrej Karpathy. +1 for “context engineering” over “prompt engineering”. Post su X (Twitter), 25 giugno 2025, 2025. URL: https://x.com/karpathy/status/1937902205765607626.

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Andrej Karpathy. AGI is still a decade away. Intervista di Dwarkesh Patel, 10 2025. URL: https://www.dwarkesh.com/p/andrej-karpathy.

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Vladimir Karpukhin, Barlas Oğuz, Sewon Min, Patrick Lewis, Ledell Wu, Sergey Edunov, Danqi Chen, and Wen-tau Yih. Dense passage retrieval for open-domain question answering. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 6769–6781. 2020. doi:10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.550.

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Tero Karras, Timo Aila, Samuli Laine, and Jaakko Lehtinen. Progressive growing of GANs for improved quality, stability, and variation. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2018.

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Tero Karras, Samuli Laine, and Timo Aila. A style-based generator architecture for generative adversarial networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2019.

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Tero Karras, Samuli Laine, Miika Aittala, Janne Hellsten, Jaakko Lehtinen, and Timo Aila. Analyzing and improving the image quality of StyleGAN. In IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2020.

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Angelos Katharopoulos, Apoorv Vyas, Nikolaos Pappas, and François Fleuret. Transformers are RNNs: fast autoregressive transformers with linear attention. In Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2020.

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Guolin Ke, Qi Meng, Thomas Finley, Taifeng Wang, Wei Chen, Weidong Ma, Qiwei Ye, and Tie-Yan Liu. Lightgbm: a highly efficient gradient boosting decision tree. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 30. 2017.

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Alex Kendall, Yarin Gal, and Roberto Cipolla. Multi-task learning using uncertainty to weigh losses for scene geometry and semantics. In IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 7482–7491. 2018. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.07115.

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James Kennedy and Russell Eberhart. Particle swarm optimization. In Proceedings of ICNN'95: International Conference on Neural Networks, volume 4, 1942–1948. Perth, WA, Australia, 1995. IEEE.

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Bernhard Kerbl, Georgios Kopanas, Thomas Leimkühler, and George Drettakis. 3d gaussian splatting for real-time radiance field rendering. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.04079.

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Nitish Shirish Keskar, Dheevatsa Mudigere, Jorge Nocedal, Mikhail Smelyanskiy, and Ping Tak Peter Tang. On large-batch training for deep learning: generalization gap and sharp minima. In 5th International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.04836, arXiv:1609.04836.

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Omar Khattab and Matei Zaharia. ColBERT: efficient and effective passage search via contextualized late interaction over BERT. In Proceedings of the 43rd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR), 39–48. 2020.

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David Kim. Context-engineering. Repository GitHub, 2025. URL: davidkimai/Context-Engineering.

[KKS21]

Jaehyeon Kim, Jungil Kong, and Juhee Son. Conditional variational autoencoder with adversarial learning for end-to-end text-to-speech. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), volume 139, 5530–5540. 2021.

[KPK+24]

Moo Jin Kim, Karl Pertsch, Siddharth Karamcheti, Ted Xiao, Ashwin Balakrishna, Suraj Nair, Rafael Rafailov, Ethan Foster, Grace Lam, Pannag Sanketi, Quan Vuong, Thomas Kollar, Benjamin Burchfiel, Russ Tedrake, Dorsa Sadigh, Sergey Levine, Percy Liang, and Chelsea Finn. OpenVLA: an open-source vision-language-action model. In Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Robot Learning (CoRL), volume 270 of Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 2679–2713. 2024. arXiv:2406.09246.

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Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy Ba. Adam: a method for stochastic optimization. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2015.

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Diederik P. Kingma and Prafulla Dhariwal. Glow: generative flow with invertible 1x1 convolutions. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2018.

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Diederik P. Kingma and Max Welling. Auto-encoding variational bayes. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2014. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6114.

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Thomas N. Kipf and Max Welling. Semi-supervised classification with graph convolutional networks. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.02907.

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John Kirchenbauer, Jonas Geiping, Yuxin Wen, Jonathan Katz, Ian Miers, and Tom Goldstein. A watermark for large language models. In Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 17061–17084. 2023.

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Nikita Kitaev, Łukasz Kaiser, and Anselm Levskaya. Reformer: the efficient transformer. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.04451.

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Jon Kleinberg, Sendhil Mullainathan, and Manish Raghavan. Inherent trade-offs in the fair determination of risk scores. In Proceedings of the 8th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS), 43:1–43:23. 2017. doi:10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2017.43.

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Dmitry Kobak and George C. Linderman. Initialization is critical for preserving global data structure in both t-sne and umap. Nature Biotechnology, 39(2):156–157, 2021. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-00809-z.

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Levente Kocsis and Csaba Szepesvári. Bandit based Monte-Carlo planning. In Machine Learning: ECML 2006, volume 4212 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 282–293. Springer, 2006. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/11871842_29.

[KGR+22]

Takeshi Kojima, Shixiang Shane Gu, Machel Reid, Yutaka Matsuo, and Yusuke Iwasawa. Large language models are zero-shot reasoners. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 35. 2022. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.11916.

[KCB+18]

Matthieu Komorowski, Leo A. Celi, Omar Badawi, Anthony C. Gordon, and A. Aldo Faisal. The artificial intelligence clinician learns optimal treatment strategies for sepsis in intensive care. Nature Medicine, 24(11):1716–1720, 2018. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0213-5.

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Jungil Kong, Jaehyeon Kim, and Jaekyoung Bae. Hifi-gan: generative adversarial networks for efficient and high fidelity speech synthesis. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 (NeurIPS), 17022–17033. 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.05646.

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Tomasz Korbak, Ethan Perez, and Christopher L. Buckley. RL with KL penalties is better viewed as Bayesian inference. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2022. 2022. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.11275.

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Yehuda Koren, Robert Bell, and Chris Volinsky. Matrix factorization techniques for recommender systems. Computer, 42(8):30–37, 2009.

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Vijay Anand Korthikanti, Jared Casper, Sangkug Lym, Lawrence McAfee, Michael Andersch, Mohammad Shoeybi, and Bryan Catanzaro. Reducing activation recomputation in large transformer models. In Proceedings of Machine Learning and Systems 5 (MLSys 2023), 341–353. Curran Associates, 2023. URL: https://proceedings.mlsys.org/paper_files/paper/2023/file/80083951326cf5b35e5100260d64ed81-Paper-mlsys2023.pdf.

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Ilya Kostrikov, Ashvin Nair, and Sergey Levine. Offline reinforcement learning with implicit q-learning. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2022. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.06169.

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Dominik Kreuzberger, Niklas Kühl, and Sebastian Hirschl. Machine learning operations (mlops): overview, definition, and architecture. IEEE Access, 11:31866–31879, 2023.

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Walid Krichene and Steffen Rendle. On sampled metrics for item recommendation. In Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD '20), 1748–1757. 2020. doi:10.1145/3394486.3403226.

[KGZ+21]

Aditi S. Krishnapriyan, Amir Gholami, Shandian Zhe, Robert M. Kirby, and Michael W. Mahoney. Characterizing possible failure modes in physics-informed neural networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 34. 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.01050.

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Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. Imagenet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 25. 2012.

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Anders Krogh and Jesper Vedelsby. Neural network ensembles, cross validation, and active learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 7 (NIPS 1994), 231–238. MIT Press, 1995.

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Dmitry Krotov and John J. Hopfield. Dense associative memory for pattern recognition. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 29 (NIPS). 2016. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.01164.

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Taku Kudo. Subword regularization: improving neural network translation models with multiple subword candidates. In Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 66–75. 2018.

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Taku Kudo and John Richardson. SentencePiece: a simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for neural text processing. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations (EMNLP), 66–71. 2018.

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Aviral Kumar, Aurick Zhou, George Tucker, and Sergey Levine. Conservative q-learning for offline reinforcement learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.04779.

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H. T. Kung. Why systolic architectures? Computer, 15(1):37–46, 1982.

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Vitaly Kurin, Alessandro De Palma, Ilya Kostrikov, Shimon Whiteson, and M. Pawan Kumar. In defense of the unitary scalarization for deep multi-task learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 35. 2022.

[KLZ+23]

Woosuk Kwon, Zhuohan Li, Siyuan Zhuang, Ying Sheng, Lianmin Zheng, Cody Hao Yu, Joseph E. Gonzalez, Hao Zhang, and Ion Stoica. Efficient memory management for large language model serving with PagedAttention. In ACM SIGOPS 29th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP). 2023.

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John D. Lafferty, Andrew McCallum, and Fernando C. N. Pereira. Conditional random fields: probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2001), 282–289. Morgan Kaufmann, 2001. URL: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/645530.655813.

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Isaac E. Lagaris, Aristidis Likas, and Dimitrios I. Fotiadis. Artificial neural networks for solving ordinary and partial differential equations. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 9(5):987–1000, 1998. URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/72.712178, doi:10.1109/72.712178.

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Aakash Lahoti, Kevin Y. Li, Berlin Chen, Caitlin Wang, Aviv Bick, J. Zico Kolter, Tri Dao, and Albert Gu. Mamba-3: improved sequence modeling using state space principles. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2026.

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Tze Leung Lai and Herbert Robbins. Asymptotically efficient adaptive allocation rules. Advances in Applied Mathematics, 6(1):4–22, 1985.

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Guillaume Lample and Alexis Conneau. Cross-lingual language model pretraining. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 32. 2019.

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Leslie Lamport, Robert Shostak, and Marshall Pease. The byzantine generals problem. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, 4(3):382–401, 1982. doi:10.1145/357172.357176.

[LCR+23]

Tamera Lanham, Anna Chen, Ansh Radhakrishnan, Benoit Steiner, Carson Denison, Danny Hernandez, Dustin Li, Esin Durmus, Evan Hubinger, Jackson Kernion, and others. Measuring faithfulness in chain-of-thought reasoning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.13702, 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.13702.

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David Lazer, Ryan Kennedy, Gary King, and Alessandro Vespignani. The parable of Google Flu: traps in big data analysis. Science, 343(6176):1203–1205, 2014.

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Yann LeCun. Predictive learning. Keynote, Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), Barcellona, 2016. La formula della torta e' riportata verbatim, e attribuita a questo keynote, in arXiv:2502.03038. Le slide primarie non sono state reperite (agosto 2026): due URL canonici danno 404 e la scheda NIPS non riporta il talk. All'ISSCC 2019 LeCun sostituisce «unsupervised» con «self-supervised».

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Yann LeCun. A path towards autonomous machine intelligence (version 0.9.2, 2022-06-27). Position paper, OpenReview, 2022. URL: https://openreview.net/pdf?id=BZ5a1r-kVsf.

[LBD+89]

Yann LeCun, Bernhard Boser, John S. Denker, Donnie Henderson, Richard E. Howard, Wayne Hubbard, and Lawrence D. Jackel. Backpropagation applied to handwritten zip code recognition. Neural Computation, 1(4):541–551, 1989.

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Yann LeCun, Léon Bottou, Yoshua Bengio, and Patrick Haffner. Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE, 86(11):2278–2324, 1998.

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Yann LeCun, Léon Bottou, Genevieve B. Orr, and Klaus-Robert Müller. Efficient backprop. In Genevieve B. Orr and Klaus-Robert Müller, editors, Neural Networks: Tricks of the Trade, volume 1524 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 9–50. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1998. doi:10.1007/3-540-49430-8_2.

[LCH+06]

Yann LeCun, Sumit Chopra, Raia Hadsell, Marc'Aurelio Ranzato, and Fu Jie Huang. A tutorial on energy-based learning. In Gökhan Bakır, Thomas Hofmann, Bernhard Schölkopf, Alexander J. Smola, and Ben Taskar, editors, Predicting Structured Data. MIT Press, 2006. URL: http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/publis/pdf/lecun-06.pdf.

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Yann LeCun and Ishan Misra. Self-supervised learning: the dark matter of intelligence. Meta AI Blog, 3 2021. URL: https://ai.meta.com/blog/self-supervised-learning-the-dark-matter-of-intelligence/.

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Christian Ledig, Lucas Theis, Ferenc Huszár, Jose Caballero, Andrew Cunningham, Alejandro Acosta, Andrew Aitken, Alykhan Tejani, Johannes Totz, Zehan Wang, and Wenzhe Shi. Photo-realistic single image super-resolution using a generative adversarial network. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2017.

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Hyuk Lee and In Seok Kang. Neural algorithm for solving differential equations. Journal of Computational Physics, 91(1):110–131, 1990. doi:10.1016/0021-9991(90)90007-N.

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Sicong Leng, Hang Zhang, Guanzheng Chen, Xin Li, Shijian Lu, Chunyan Miao, and Lidong Bing. Mitigating object hallucinations in large vision-language models through visual contrastive decoding. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2024.

[LLX+21]

Dmitry Lepikhin, HyoukJoong Lee, Yuanzhong Xu, Dehao Chen, Orhan Firat, Yanping Huang, Maxim Krikun, Noam Shazeer, and Zhifeng Chen. GShard: scaling giant models with conditional computation and automatic sharding. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2021.

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[LKM23]

Yaniv Leviathan, Matan Kalman, and Yossi Matias. Fast inference from transformers via speculative decoding. In Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 19274–19286. 2023.

[LPP+20]

Patrick Lewis, Ethan Perez, Aleksandra Piktus, Fabio Petroni, Vladimir Karpukhin, Naman Goyal, Heinrich Küttler, Mike Lewis, Wen-tau Yih, Tim Rocktäschel, Sebastian Riedel, and Douwe Kiela. Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive NLP tasks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 33, 9459–9474. 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.11401.

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Junnan Li, Dongxu Li, Silvio Savarese, and Steven Hoi. BLIP-2: bootstrapping language-image pre-training with frozen image encoders and large language models. In Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 19730–19742. 2023.

[LHB+23]

Kenneth Li, Aspen K. Hopkins, David Bau, Fernanda Viégas, Hanspeter Pfister, and Martin Wattenberg. Emergent world representations: exploring a sequence model trained on a synthetic task. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.13382.

[LJD+18]

Lisha Li, Kevin Jamieson, Giulia DeSalvo, Afshin Rostamizadeh, and Ameet Talwalkar. Hyperband: a novel bandit-based approach to hyperparameter optimization. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 18(185):1–52, 2018.

[LAP+14]

Mu Li, David G. Andersen, Jun Woo Park, Alexander J. Smola, Amr Ahmed, Vanja Josifovski, James Long, Eugene J. Shekita, and Bor-Yiing Su. Scaling distributed machine learning with the parameter server. In 11th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI 14), 583–598. USENIX Association, 2014. URL: https://www.usenix.org/conference/osdi14/technical-sessions/presentation/li_mu.

[LDZ+23]

Yifan Li, Yifan Du, Kun Zhou, Jinpeng Wang, Wayne Xin Zhao, and Ji-Rong Wen. Evaluating object hallucination in large vision-language models. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 292–305. 2023.

[LKA+21]

Zongyi Li, Nikola Kovachki, Kamyar Azizzadenesheli, Burigede Liu, Kaushik Bhattacharya, Andrew Stuart, and Anima Anandkumar. Fourier neural operator for parametric partial differential equations. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.08895.

[LZK+22]

Weixin Liang, Yuhui Zhang, Yongchan Kwon, Serena Yeung, and James Zou. Mind the gap: understanding the modality gap in multi-modal contrastive representation learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 35. 2022.

[LLB+24]

Opher Lieber, Barak Lenz, Hofit Bata, and others. Jamba: a hybrid transformer-mamba language model. arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.19887, 2024.

[LHP+16]

Timothy P. Lillicrap, Jonathan J. Hunt, Alexander Pritzel, Nicolas Heess, Tom Erez, Yuval Tassa, David Silver, and Daan Wierstra. Continuous control with deep reinforcement learning. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2016. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.02971.

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Bryan Lim, Sercan Ö. Arık, Nicolas Loeff, and Tomas Pfister. Temporal fusion transformers for interpretable multi-horizon time series forecasting. International Journal of Forecasting, 37(4):1748–1764, 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.09363.

[LTT+24]

Ji Lin, Jiaming Tang, Haotian Tang, Shang Yang, Wei-Ming Chen, Wei-Chen Wang, Guangxuan Xiao, Xingyu Dang, Chuang Gan, and Song Han. AWQ: activation-aware weight quantization for LLM compression and acceleration. In Proceedings of Machine Learning and Systems (MLSys). 2024.

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Min Lin, Qiang Chen, and Shuicheng Yan. Network in network. arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.4400, 2013.

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Tsung-Yi Lin, Priya Goyal, Ross Girshick, Kaiming He, and Piotr Dollár. Focal loss for dense object detection. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). 2017.

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Greg Linden, Brent Smith, and Jeremy York. Amazon.com recommendations: item-to-item collaborative filtering. IEEE Internet Computing, 7(1):76–80, 2003. doi:10.1109/MIC.2003.1167344.

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Jack Lindsey, Wes Gurnee, Emmanuel Ameisen, Brian Chen, Adam Pearce, Nicholas L. Turner, Craig Citro, David Abrahams, Shan Carter, Basil Hosmer, Jonathan Marcus, Michael Sklar, Adly Templeton, Trenton Bricken, Callum McDougall, Hoagy Cunningham, Thomas Henighan, Adam Jermyn, Andy Jones, Andrew Persic, Zhenyi Qi, T. Ben Thompson, Sam Zimmerman, Kelley Rivoire, Thomas Conerly, Chris Olah, and Joshua Batson. On the biology of a large language model. Transformer Circuits Thread, Anthropic, 2025. URL: https://transformer-circuits.pub/2025/attribution-graphs/biology.html.

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Jacques-Louis Lions. Ariane 5: flight 501 failure. report by the inquiry board. Technical Report, European Space Agency and Centre National d'Études Spatiales, Paris, 7 1996. 19 luglio 1996.

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Yaron Lipman, Ricky T. Q. Chen, Heli Ben-Hamu, Maximilian Nickel, and Matt Le. Flow matching for generative modeling. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.02747.

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Haotian Liu, Chunyuan Li, Qingyang Wu, and Yong Jae Lee. Visual instruction tuning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 36. 2023.

[LJH+20]

Liyuan Liu, Haoming Jiang, Pengcheng He, Weizhu Chen, Xiaodong Liu, Jianfeng Gao, and Jiawei Han. On the variance of the adaptive learning rate and beyond. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2020.

[LLH+24]

Nelson F. Liu, Kevin Lin, John Hewitt, Ashwin Paranjape, Michele Bevilacqua, Fabio Petroni, and Percy Liang. Lost in the middle: how language models use long contexts. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL), 12:157–173, 2024.

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Wei Liu, Dragomir Anguelov, Dumitru Erhan, Christian Szegedy, Scott Reed, Cheng-Yang Fu, and Alexander C. Berg. SSD: single shot multibox detector. In European Conference on Computer Vision, 21–37. 2016.

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Xiao Liu, Hao Yu, Hanchen Zhang, Yifan Xu, Xuanyu Lei, Hanyu Lai, Yu Gu, Hangliang Ding, Kaiwen Men, Kejuan Yang, Shudan Zhang, Xiang Deng, Aohan Zeng, Zhengxiao Du, Chenhui Zhang, Sheng Shen, Tianjun Zhang, Yu Su, Huan Sun, Minlie Huang, Yuxiao Dong, and Jie Tang. AgentBench: evaluating LLMs as agents. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2024.

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Xingchao Liu, Chengyue Gong, and Qiang Liu. Flow straight and fast: learning to generate and transfer data with rectified flow. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2023. arXiv:2209.03003.

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Jonathan Long, Evan Shelhamer, and Trevor Darrell. Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2015.

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Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter. Decoupled weight decay regularization. In International Conference on Learning Representations. 2019.

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David G. Lowe. Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. International Journal of Computer Vision, 60(2):91–110, 2004.

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Ryan Lowe, Yi Wu, Aviv Tamar, Jean Harb, Pieter Abbeel, and Igor Mordatch. Multi-agent actor-critic for mixed cooperative-competitive environments. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (NIPS). 2017.

[LJP+21]

Lu Lu, Pengzhan Jin, Guofei Pang, Zhongqiang Zhang, and George Em Karniadakis. Learning nonlinear operators via DeepONet based on the universal approximation theorem of operators. Nature Machine Intelligence, 3(3):218–229, 2021. doi:10.1038/s42256-021-00302-5.

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Scott M. Lundberg and Su-In Lee. A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.07874.

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Timothy W. Lyons, Christopher T. Reinhard, and Noah J. Planavsky. The rise of oxygen in earth's early ocean and atmosphere. Nature, 506(7488):307–315, 2014. doi:10.1038/nature13068.

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Jerry Ma and Denis Yarats. On the adequacy of untuned warmup for adaptive optimization. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, volume 35, 8828–8836. 2021.

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James MacQueen. Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations. In Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, volume 1, 281–297. 1967.

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Aleksander Madry, Aleksandar Makelov, Ludwig Schmidt, Dimitris Tsipras, and Adrian Vladu. Towards deep learning models resistant to adversarial attacks. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2018. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.06083.

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Spyros Makridakis, Evangelos Spiliotis, and Vassilios Assimakopoulos. The m4 competition: 100,000 time series and 61 forecasting methods. International Journal of Forecasting, 36(1):54–74, 2020.

[MY20]

Yury A. Malkov and Dmitry A. Yashunin. Efficient and robust approximate nearest neighbor search using hierarchical navigable small world graphs. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 42(4):824–836, 2020. doi:10.1109/TPAMI.2018.2889473.

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Andrei Andreevich Markov. Essai d'une recherche statistique sur le texte du roman "eugène onéguine", illustrant la liaison des épreuves en chaîne. Izvestiya Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk (Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg), VI serie, 7(3):153–162, 1913. Traduzione inglese: "An Example of Statistical Investigation of the Text Eugene Onegin Concerning the Connection of Samples in Chains", Science in Context, 19(4):591–600, 2006, doi:10.1017/S0269889706001074.

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Benjamin M. Marlin and Richard S. Zemel. Collaborative prediction and ranking with non-random missing data. In Proceedings of the Third ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (RecSys '09), 5–12. 2009. doi:10.1145/1639714.1639717.

[MP43]

Warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts. A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 5:115–133, 1943.

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Nick McGreivy and Ammar Hakim. Weak baselines and reporting biases lead to overoptimism in machine learning for fluid-related partial differential equations. Nature Machine Intelligence, 6(10):1256–1269, 2024. doi:10.1038/s42256-024-00897-5.

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Leland McInnes, John Healy, and James Melville. Umap: uniform manifold approximation and projection for dimension reduction. arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.03426, 2018. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03426.

[MMR+17]

Brendan McMahan, Eider Moore, Daniel Ramage, Seth Hampson, and Blaise Agüera y Arcas. Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data. In Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS). 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.05629.

[Med25]

Cole Medin. Context-engineering-intro. Repository GitHub, 2025. URL: coleam00/context-engineering-intro.

[MMS+21]

Ninareh Mehrabi, Fred Morstatter, Nripsuta Saxena, Kristina Lerman, and Aram Galstyan. A survey on bias and fairness in machine learning. ACM Computing Surveys, 54(6):1–35, 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.09635.

[MYG+25]

Lingrui Mei, Jiayu Yao, Yuyao Ge, Yiwei Wang, Baolong Bi, Jiazhi Liu, Mingyu Li, Duzhen Zhang, Jiafeng Guo, and Shenghua Liu. A survey of context engineering for large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.13334, 2025.

[MMMS25a]

Lennart Meincke, Ethan Mollick, Lilach Mollick, and Dan Shapiro. Prompting Science Report 1: prompt engineering is complicated and contingent. The Wharton School, Generative AI Labs, arXiv:2503.04818, 4 marzo 2025, 2025. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.04818.

[MMMS25b]

Lennart Meincke, Ethan Mollick, Lilach Mollick, and Dan Shapiro. Prompting Science Report 3: i'll pay you or i'll kill you, but will you care? The Wharton School, Generative AI Labs, arXiv:2508.00614, 1 agosto 2025, 2025. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.00614.

[Met87]

Nicholas Metropolis. The beginning of the monte carlo method. Los Alamos Science, pages 125–130, 1987. Special Issue dedicated to Stanisław Ulam.

[MNA+18]

Paulius Micikevicius, Sharan Narang, Jonah Alben, Gregory Diamos, Erich Elsen, David Garcia, Boris Ginsburg, Michael Houston, Oleksii Kuchaiev, Ganesh Venkatesh, and Hao Wu. Mixed precision training. In International Conference on Learning Representations. 2018.

[MCCD13]

Tomas Mikolov, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado, and Jeffrey Dean. Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), Workshop Track. 2013.

[MSC+13]

Tomas Mikolov, Ilya Sutskever, Kai Chen, Greg S. Corrado, and Jeffrey Dean. Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 26 (NIPS), 3111–3119. 2013.

[MST+20]

Ben Mildenhall, Pratul P. Srinivasan, Matthew Tancik, Jonathan T. Barron, Ravi Ramamoorthi, and Ren Ng. NeRF: representing scenes as neural radiance fields for view synthesis. In European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV). 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.08934.

[MP69]

Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert. Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry. MIT Press, 1969.

[MO14]

Mehdi Mirza and Simon Osindero. Conditional generative adversarial nets. arXiv preprint arXiv:1411.1784, 2014.

[Mit97]

Tom M. Mitchell. Machine Learning. McGraw-Hill Series in Computer Science. McGraw-Hill, 1997. ISBN 978-0-07-042807-2.

[MBM+16]

Volodymyr Mnih, Adrià Puigdomènech Badia, Mehdi Mirza, Alex Graves, Timothy Lillicrap, Tim Harley, David Silver, and Koray Kavukcuoglu. Asynchronous methods for deep reinforcement learning. In Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2016.

[MKS+13]

Volodymyr Mnih, Koray Kavukcuoglu, David Silver, Alex Graves, Ioannis Antonoglou, Daan Wierstra, and Martin Riedmiller. Playing atari with deep reinforcement learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1312.5602, 2013.

[MKS+15]

Volodymyr Mnih, Koray Kavukcuoglu, David Silver, Andrei A. Rusu, Joel Veness, Marc G. Bellemare, Alex Graves, Martin Riedmiller, Andreas K. Fidjeland, Georg Ostrovski, Stig Petersen, Charles Beattie, Amir Sadik, Ioannis Antonoglou, Helen King, Dharshan Kumaran, Daan Wierstra, Shane Legg, and Demis Hassabis. Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning. Nature, 518:529–533, 2015.

[Mol22]

Christoph Molnar. Interpretable Machine Learning: A Guide for Making Black Box Models Explainable. Edizione dell'autore, 2 edition, 2022. URL: https://christophm.github.io/interpretable-ml-book/.

[MontufarPCB14]

Guido Montúfar, Razvan Pascanu, Kyunghyun Cho, and Yoshua Bengio. On the number of linear regions of deep neural networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), volume 27, 2924–2932. 2014.

[Mor88]

Hans Moravec. Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence. Harvard University Press, 1988.

[MW64]

Frederick Mosteller and David L. Wallace. Inference and Disputed Authorship: The Federalist. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1964.

[MullerESK22]

Thomas Müller, Alex Evans, Christoph Schied, and Alexander Keller. Instant neural graphics primitives with a multiresolution hash encoding. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 41(4):102:1–102:15, 2022. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.05989.

[NH10]

Vinod Nair and Geoffrey E. Hinton. Rectified linear units improve restricted boltzmann machines. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2010.

[NKB+20]

Preetum Nakkiran, Gal Kaplun, Yamini Bansal, Tristan Yang, Boaz Barak, and Ilya Sutskever. Deep double descent: where bigger models and more data hurt. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2020. arXiv:1912.02292.

[NMT+19]

Eric Nalisnick, Akihiro Matsukawa, Yee Whye Teh, Dilan Gorur, and Balaji Lakshminarayanan. Do deep generative models know what they don't know? In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2019.

[NMTL19]

Eric Nalisnick, Akihiro Matsukawa, Yee Whye Teh, and Balaji Lakshminarayanan. Detecting out-of-distribution inputs to deep generative models using typicality. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.02994, 2019.

[NLW23]

Neel Nanda, Andrew Lee, and Martin Wattenberg. Emergent linear representations in world models of self-supervised sequence models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.00941, 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.00941, arXiv:2309.00941.

[Nar26]

Arvind Narayanan. Fact checking Moravec's paradox. AI as Normal Technology, 2026. Consultato il 16 agosto 2026. URL: https://www.normaltech.ai/p/fact-checking-moravecs-paradox.

[Ng17]

Andrew Ng. Artificial intelligence is the new electricity. Intervento al programma MSx, Stanford Graduate School of Business; resoconto di Shana Lynch, Stanford GSB Insights, 3 2017. URL: https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/insights/andrew-ng-why-ai-new-electricity.

[NHR99]

Andrew Y. Ng, Daishi Harada, and Stuart Russell. Policy invariance under reward transformations: theory and application to reward shaping. In Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Machine Learning, 278–287. Morgan Kaufmann, 1999.

[NR00]

Andrew Y. Ng and Stuart Russell. Algorithms for inverse reinforcement learning. In Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Machine Learning, 663–670. Morgan Kaufmann, 2000.

[NBGS08]

John Nickolls, Ian Buck, Michael Garland, and Kevin Skadron. Scalable parallel programming with CUDA. ACM Queue, 6(2):40–53, 2008.

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Malvina Nissim, Rik van Noord, and Rob van der Goot. Fair is better than sensational: man is to doctor as woman is to doctor. Computational Linguistics, 46(2):487–497, 2020. URL: https://aclanthology.org/2020.cl-2.7/, doi:10.1162/coli_a_00379.

[NdMG+16]

Joakim Nivre, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Filip Ginter, Yoav Goldberg, Jan Hajič, Christopher D. Manning, Ryan McDonald, Slav Petrov, Sampo Pyysalo, Natalia Silveira, Reut Tsarfaty, and Daniel Zeman. Universal dependencies v1: a multilingual treebank collection. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2016), 1659–1666. Portorož, Slovenia, 2016. European Language Resources Association (ELRA). URL: https://aclanthology.org/L16-1262/.

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Albert B. J. Novikoff. On convergence proofs on perceptrons. In Proceedings of the Symposium on the Mathematical Theory of Automata, volume 12, 615–622. New York, 1962. Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. Volume XII della Microwave Research Institute Symposia Series; atti stampati nel 1963 da Polytechnic Press.

[ODO16]

Augustus Odena, Vincent Dumoulin, and Chris Olah. Deconvolution and checkerboard artifacts. Distill, 2016.

[OCS+20]

Chris Olah, Nick Cammarata, Ludwig Schubert, Gabriel Goh, Michael Petrov, and Shan Carter. Zoom in: an introduction to circuits. Distill, 2020. URL: https://distill.pub/2020/circuits/zoom-in/.

[Ola96]

Mikel Olazaran. A sociological study of the official history of the perceptrons controversy. Social Studies of Science, 26(3):611–659, 1996. doi:10.1177/030631296026003005.

[OA16]

Frans A. Oliehoek and Christopher Amato. A Concise Introduction to Decentralized POMDPs. SpringerBriefs in Intelligent Systems. Springer, 2016.

[OO14]

Diego Ongaro and John Ousterhout. In search of an understandable consensus algorithm. In Proceedings of the 2014 USENIX Annual Technical Conference (USENIX ATC 14), 305–319. Philadelphia, PA, 2014. USENIX Association.

[OS20]

Kenta Oono and Taiji Suzuki. Graph neural networks exponentially lose expressive power for node classification. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2020.

[OSD+18]

Sageev Oore, Ian Simon, Sander Dieleman, Douglas Eck, and Karen Simonyan. This time with feeling: learning expressive musical performance. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.03715, 2018.

[OCCB20]

Boris N. Oreshkin, Dmitri Carpov, Nicolas Chapados, and Yoshua Bengio. N-beats: neural basis expansion analysis for interpretable time series forecasting. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10437.

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Addy Osmani. Comprehension debt: the hidden cost of AI generated code. addyosmani.com, 14 marzo 2026, 2026. URL: https://addyosmani.com/blog/comprehension-debt/.

[Osm26b]

Addy Osmani. Loop engineering. addyosmani.com, 7 giugno 2026, 2026. URL: https://addyosmani.com/blog/loop-engineering/.

[OWJ+22]

Long Ouyang, Jeff Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll L. Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, and others. Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 35. 2022.

[PUL22]

Andrei Paleyes, Raoul-Gabriel Urma, and Neil D. Lawrence. Challenges in deploying machine learning: a survey of case studies. ACM Computing Surveys, 55(6):1–29, 2022.

[PLV02]

Bo Pang, Lillian Lee, and Shivakumar Vaithyanathan. Thumbs up? sentiment classification using machine learning techniques. In Proceedings of the 2002 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 79–86. 2002. URL: https://aclanthology.org/W02-1011/, doi:10.3115/1118693.1118704.

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Arjun Panickssery, Samuel R. Bowman, and Shi Feng. LLM evaluators recognize and favor their own generations. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 37. 2024. URL: https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2024/hash/7f1f0218e45f5414c79c0679633e47bc-Abstract-Conference.html.

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Kishore Papineni, Salim Roukos, Todd Ward, and Wei-Jing Zhu. BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 311–318. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 2002. Association for Computational Linguistics. URL: https://aclanthology.org/P02-1040/, doi:10.3115/1073083.1073135.

[Par11]

Eli Pariser. The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. Penguin Press, New York, 2011.

[POBrienC+23]

Joon Sung Park, Joseph C. O'Brien, Carrie J. Cai, Meredith Ringel Morris, Percy Liang, and Michael S. Bernstein. Generative agents: interactive simulacra of human behavior. In Proceedings of the 36th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST). 2023.

[PPF22]

Thomas Parr, Giovanni Pezzulo, and Karl J. Friston. Active Inference: The Free Energy Principle in Mind, Brain, and Behavior. The MIT Press, 2022. URL: https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-monograph/5299/, doi:10.7551/mitpress/12441.001.0001.

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Razvan Pascanu, Tomas Mikolov, and Yoshua Bengio. On the difficulty of training recurrent neural networks. In Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 1310–1318. 2013.

[PGM+19]

Adam Paszke, Sam Gross, Francisco Massa, Adam Lerer, James Bradbury, Gregory Chanan, Trevor Killeen, Zeming Lin, Natalia Gimelshein, Luca Antiga, Alban Desmaison, Andreas Köpf, Edward Yang, Zachary DeVito, Martin Raison, Alykhan Tejani, Sasank Chilamkurthy, Benoit Steiner, Lu Fang, Junjie Bai, and Soumith Chintala. Pytorch: an imperative style, high-performance deep learning library. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 32. 2019.

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Deepak Pathak, Pulkit Agrawal, Alexei A. Efros, and Trevor Darrell. Curiosity-driven exploration by self-supervised prediction. In International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.05363.

[PGL+21]

David Patterson, Joseph Gonzalez, Quoc Le, Chen Liang, Lluis-Miquel Munguia, Daniel Rothchild, David So, Maud Texier, and Jeff Dean. Carbon emissions and large neural network training. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.10350, 2021.

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Judea Pearl and Dana Mackenzie. The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect. Basic Books, 2018.

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Karl Pearson. On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 2(11):559–572, 1901.

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William Peebles and Saining Xie. Scalable diffusion models with transformers. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.09748.

[PAA+23]

Bo Peng, Eric Alcaide, Quentin Anthony, and others. RWKV: reinventing RNNs for the transformer era. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023. 2023.

[PGA+24]

Bo Peng, Daniel Goldstein, Quentin Anthony, and others. Eagle and Finch: RWKV with matrix-valued states and dynamic recurrence. In Conference on Language Modeling (COLM). 2024.

[P+25]

Bo Peng and others. RWKV-7 “Goose” with expressive dynamic state evolution. arXiv preprint arXiv:2503.14456, 2025.

[PWD+23]

Zhiliang Peng, Wenhui Wang, Li Dong, Yaru Hao, Shaohan Huang, Shuming Ma, and Furu Wei. Kosmos-2: grounding multimodal large language models to the world. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.14824, 2023.

[PSM14]

Jeffrey Pennington, Richard Socher, and Christopher D. Manning. Glove: global vectors for word representation. In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). 2014.

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Ethan Perez, Saffron Huang, Francis Song, Trevor Cai, Roman Ring, John Aslanides, Amelia Glaese, Nat McAleese, and Geoffrey Irving. Red teaming language models with language models. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 3419–3448. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2022. doi:10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.225.

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Bryan Perozzi, Rami Al-Rfou, and Steven Skiena. Deepwalk: online learning of social representations. In Proceedings of the 20th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD), 701–710. 2014. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.6652.

[PVLS+21]

Joelle Pineau, Philippe Vincent-Lamarre, Koustuv Sinha, Vincent Larivière, Alina Beygelzimer, Florence d'Alché-Buc, Emily Fox, and Hugo Larochelle. Improving reproducibility in machine learning research (a report from the neurips 2019 reproducibility program). Journal of Machine Learning Research, 22(164):1–20, 2021. URL: https://jmlr.org/papers/v22/20-303.html.

[PSG19]

Telmo Pires, Eva Schlinger, and Dan Garrette. How multilingual is multilingual bert? In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 4996–5001. 2019.

[PRW+17]

Geoff Pleiss, Manish Raghavan, Felix Wu, Jon Kleinberg, and Kilian Q. Weinberger. On fairness and calibration. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (NIPS). 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.02012.

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R.-E. Plessix. A review of the adjoint-state method for computing the gradient of a functional with geophysical applications. Geophysical Journal International, 167(2):495–503, 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02978.x.

[PMN+23]

Michael Poli, Stefano Massaroli, Eric Nguyen, Daniel Y. Fu, Tri Dao, Stephen A. Baccus, and others. Hyena hierarchy: towards larger convolutional language models. In Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2023.

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Dean A. Pomerleau. ALVINN: an autonomous land vehicle in a neural network. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), volume 1, 305–313. 1989. URL: https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/1988/hash/812b4ba287f5ee0bc9d43bbf5bbe87fb-Abstract.html.

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Dean A. Pomerleau. Efficient training of artificial neural networks for autonomous navigation. Neural Computation, 3(1):88–97, 1991. doi:10.1162/neco.1991.3.1.88.

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Jorge Pérez, Pablo Barceló, and Javier Marinkovic. Attention is Turing-complete. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 22(75):1–35, 2021. URL: https://www.jmlr.org/papers/v22/20-302.html.

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Joaquin Quiñonero-Candela, Masashi Sugiyama, Anton Schwaighofer, and Neil D. Lawrence, editors. Dataset Shift in Machine Learning. MIT Press, 2009.

[Rab89]

Lawrence R. Rabiner. A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE, 77(2):257–286, 1989. doi:10.1109/5.18626.

[RKH+21]

Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, Gretchen Krueger, and Ilya Sutskever. Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2021.

[RKX+23]

Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Tao Xu, Greg Brockman, Christine McLeavey, and Ilya Sutskever. Robust speech recognition via large-scale weak supervision. In Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), volume 202 of Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 28492–28518. 2023. arXiv:2212.04356.

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Alec Radford, Luke Metz, and Soumith Chintala. Unsupervised representation learning with deep convolutional generative adversarial networks. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2016.

[RWC+19]

Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, and Ilya Sutskever. Language models are unsupervised multitask learners. OpenAI Technical Report, 2019. URL: https://cdn.openai.com/better-language-models/language_models_are_unsupervised_multitask_learners.pdf.

[RSM+23]

Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Christopher D. Manning, Stefano Ermon, and Chelsea Finn. Direct preference optimization: your language model is secretly a reward model. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 36. 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.18290.

[RBA+19]

Nasim Rahaman, Aristide Baratin, Devansh Arpit, Felix Draxler, Min Lin, Fred Hamprecht, Yoshua Bengio, and Aaron Courville. On the spectral bias of neural networks. In Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 5301–5310. 2019.

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Maziar Raissi, Paris Perdikaris, and George Em Karniadakis. Physics-informed neural networks: a deep learning framework for solving forward and inverse problems involving nonlinear partial differential equations. Journal of Computational Physics, 378:686–707, 2019. doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2018.10.045.

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Maziar Raissi, Alireza Yazdani, and George Em Karniadakis. Hidden fluid mechanics: learning velocity and pressure fields from flow visualizations. Science, 367(6481):1026–1030, 2020. doi:10.1126/science.aaw4741.

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Samyam Rajbhandari, Jeff Rasley, Olatunji Ruwase, and Yuxiong He. ZeRO: memory optimizations toward training trillion parameter models. In SC20: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis. 2020.

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Pranav Rajpurkar, Jian Zhang, Konstantin Lopyrev, and Percy Liang. SQuAD: 100,000+ questions for machine comprehension of text. In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 2383–2392. 2016. doi:10.18653/v1/D16-1264.

[RampavsekGD+22]

Ladislav Rampášek, Michael Galkin, Vijay Prakash Dwivedi, Anh Tuan Luu, Guy Wolf, and Dominique Beaini. Recipe for a general, powerful, scalable graph transformer. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2022. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.12454.

[RSchaflL+21]

Hubert Ramsauer, Bernhard Schäfl, Johannes Lehner, Philipp Seidl, Michael Widrich, Thomas Adler, Lukas Gruber, Markus Holzleitner, Milena Pavlović, Geir Kjetil Sandve, Victor Greiff, David Kreil, Michael Kopp, Günter Klambauer, Johannes Brandstetter, and Sepp Hochreiter. Hopfield networks is all you need. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.02217.

[RLH+22]

René Ranftl, Katrin Lasinger, David Hafner, Konrad Schindler, and Vladlen Koltun. Towards robust monocular depth estimation: mixing datasets for zero-shot cross-dataset transfer. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 44(3):1623–1637, 2022.

[RSSdW+18]

Tabish Rashid, Mikayel Samvelyan, Christian Schroeder de Witt, Gregory Farquhar, Jakob Foerster, and Shimon Whiteson. Qmix: monotonic value function factorisation for deep multi-agent reinforcement learning. In Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2018.

[RW06]

Carl Edward Rasmussen and Christopher K. I. Williams. Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning. MIT Press, 2006.

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Esteban Real, Alok Aggarwal, Yanping Huang, and Quoc V. Le. Regularized evolution for image classifier architecture search. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, volume 33, 4780–4789. 2019.

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Sashank J. Reddi, Satyen Kale, and Sanjiv Kumar. On the convergence of adam and beyond. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2018.

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Joseph Redmon, Santosh Divvala, Ross Girshick, and Ali Farhadi. You only look once: unified, real-time object detection. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2016.

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Nils Reimers and Iryna Gurevych. Sentence-BERT: sentence embeddings using siamese BERT-networks. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 3982–3992. 2019. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084.

[RLL+24]

Liliang Ren, Yang Liu, Yadong Lu, Yelong Shen, Chen Liang, and Weizhu Chen. Samba: simple hybrid state space models for efficient unlimited context language modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.07522, 2024.

[RHGS15]

Shaoqing Ren, Kaiming He, Ross Girshick, and Jian Sun. Faster R-CNN: towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 28. 2015.

[RHT+21]

Yi Ren, Chenxu Hu, Xu Tan, Tao Qin, Sheng Zhao, Zhou Zhao, and Tie-Yan Liu. Fastspeech 2: fast and high-quality end-to-end text to speech. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.04558.

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Steffen Rendle, Christoph Freudenthaler, Zeno Gantner, and Lars Schmidt-Thieme. BPR: bayesian personalized ranking from implicit feedback. In Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, 452–461. 2009.

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Steffen Rendle, Walid Krichene, Li Zhang, and John Anderson. Neural collaborative filtering vs. matrix factorization revisited. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems, 240–248. 2020.

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Steffen Rendle, Walid Krichene, Li Zhang, and Yehuda Koren. Revisiting the performance of iALS on item recommendation benchmarks. In Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (RecSys '22), 427–435. 2022. arXiv:2110.14037. doi:10.1145/3523227.3548486.

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Paul Resnick, Neophytos Iacovou, Mitesh Suchak, Peter Bergstrom, and John Riedl. GroupLens: an open architecture for collaborative filtering of netnews. In Proceedings of the 1994 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '94), 175–186. 1994. doi:10.1145/192844.192905.

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Craig W. Reynolds. Flocks, herds and schools: a distributed behavioral model. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH), 25–34. 1987.

[RM15]

Danilo Jimenez Rezende and Shakir Mohamed. Variational inference with normalizing flows. In International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2015.

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Marco Tulio Ribeiro, Sameer Singh, and Carlos Guestrin. "why should i trust you?": explaining the predictions of any classifier. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD). 2016. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.04938.

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Marco Tulio Ribeiro, Sameer Singh, and Carlos Guestrin. Anchors: high-precision model-agnostic explanations. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, volume 32. 2018.

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Pierre H. Richemond, Jean-Bastien Grill, Florent Altché, Corentin Tallec, Florian Strub, Andrew Brock, Samuel Smith, Soham De, Razvan Pascanu, Bilal Piot, and Michal Valko. BYOL works even without batch statistics. arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.10241, 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.10241.

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Stephen Robertson and Hugo Zaragoza. The probabilistic relevance framework: BM25 and beyond. Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval, 3(4):333–389, 2009. doi:10.1561/1500000019.

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Anna Rohrbach, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Kaylee Burns, Trevor Darrell, and Kate Saenko. Object hallucination in image captioning. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP), 4035–4045. 2018.

[RBL+22]

Robin Rombach, Andreas Blattmann, Dominik Lorenz, Patrick Esser, and Björn Ommer. High-resolution image synthesis with latent diffusion models. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2022.

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Olaf Ronneberger, Philipp Fischer, and Thomas Brox. U-net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. In Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI). 2015.

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Mihaela Rosca, Balaji Lakshminarayanan, and Shakir Mohamed. Distribution matching in variational inference. arXiv preprint arXiv:1802.06847, 2018.

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Frank Rosenblatt. The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. Psychological Review, 65(6):386–408, 1958.

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Frank Rosenblatt. Principles of Neurodynamics: Perceptrons and the Theory of Brain Mechanisms. Spartan Books, Washington, DC, 1962.

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Stéphane Ross, Geoffrey J. Gordon, and J. Andrew Bagnell. A reduction of imitation learning and structured prediction to no-regret online learning. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS), 627–635. 2011. URL: https://proceedings.mlr.press/v15/ross11a.html.

[Rud19]

Cynthia Rudin. Stop explaining black box machine learning models for high stakes decisions and use interpretable models instead. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(5):206–215, 2019. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.10154.

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Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Pearson, 4 edition, 2020. ISBN 978-0134610993.

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Tim Salimans, Ian Goodfellow, Wojciech Zaremba, Vicki Cheung, Alec Radford, and Xi Chen. Improved techniques for training gans. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 29. 2016.

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Tim Salimans, Andrej Karpathy, Xi Chen, and Diederik P. Kingma. PixelCNN++: improving the PixelCNN with discretized logistic mixture likelihood and other modifications. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2017.

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David Salinas, Valentin Flunkert, Jan Gasthaus, and Tim Januschowski. Deepar: probabilistic forecasting with autoregressive recurrent networks. International Journal of Forecasting, 36(3):1181–1191, 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.04110.

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Arthur L. Samuel. Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 3(3):210–229, 1959.

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Mark Sandler, Andrew Howard, Menglong Zhu, Andrey Zhmoginov, and Liang-Chieh Chen. MobileNetV2: inverted residuals and linear bottlenecks. In IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 4510–4520. 2018. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.04381.

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Shibani Santurkar, Dimitris Tsipras, Andrew Ilyas, and Aleksander Madry. How does batch normalization help optimization? In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31 (NeurIPS). 2018.

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Badrul Sarwar, George Karypis, Joseph Konstan, and John Riedl. Item-based collaborative filtering recommendation algorithms. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW '01), 285–295. 2001. doi:10.1145/371920.372071.

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Danilo Sato, Arif Wider, and Christoph Windheuser. Continuous delivery for machine learning. https://martinfowler.com/articles/cd4ml.html, 2019. martinfowler.com.

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Franco Scarselli, Marco Gori, Ah Chung Tsoi, Markus Hagenbuchner, and Gabriele Monfardini. The graph neural network model. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 20(1):61–80, 2009.

[SMK23]

Rylan Schaeffer, Brando Miranda, and Sanmi Koyejo. Are emergent abilities of large language models a mirage? In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 36 (NeurIPS). 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.15004, arXiv:2304.15004.

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Daniel Scharstein and Richard Szeliski. A taxonomy and evaluation of dense two-frame stereo correspondence algorithms. International Journal of Computer Vision, 47(1):7–42, 2002.

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Timo Schick, Jane Dwivedi-Yu, Roberto Dessì, Roberta Raileanu, Maria Lomeli, Eric Hambro, Luke Zettlemoyer, Nicola Cancedda, and Thomas Scialom. Toolformer: language models can teach themselves to use tools. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 36. 2023.

[SIS21]

Imanol Schlag, Kazuki Irie, and Jürgen Schmidhuber. Linear transformers are secretly fast weight programmers. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2021.

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Michael Schlichtkrull, Thomas N. Kipf, Peter Bloem, Rianne van den Berg, Ivan Titov, and Max Welling. Modeling relational data with graph convolutional networks. In The Semantic Web: 15th International Conference, ESWC, 593–607. 2018.

[SAH+20]

Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou, Thomas Hubert, Karen Simonyan, Laurent Sifre, Simon Schmitt, Arthur Guez, Edward Lockhart, Demis Hassabis, Thore Graepel, Timothy Lillicrap, and David Silver. Mastering atari, go, chess and shogi by planning with a learned model. Nature, 588(7839):604–609, 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.08265.

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John Schulman, Philipp Moritz, Sergey Levine, Michael I. Jordan, and Pieter Abbeel. High-dimensional continuous control using generalized advantage estimation. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2016. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.02438, arXiv:1506.02438.

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John Schulman, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, and Oleg Klimov. Proximal policy optimization algorithms. arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.06347, 2017.

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Mike Schuster and Kaisuke Nakajima. Japanese and korean voice search. In IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 2012.

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Bernhard Schölkopf, John C. Platt, John Shawe-Taylor, Alex J. Smola, and Robert C. Williamson. Estimating the support of a high-dimensional distribution. Neural Computation, 13(7):1443–1471, 2001.

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Bernhard Schölkopf and Alexander J. Smola. Learning with Kernels: Support Vector Machines, Regularization, Optimization, and Beyond. MIT Press, 2002.

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Johannes L. Schönberger and Jan-Michael Frahm. Structure-from-motion revisited. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2016.

[SHG+15]

D. Sculley, Gary Holt, Daniel Golovin, Eugene Davydov, Todd Phillips, Dietmar Ebner, Vinay Chaudhary, Michael Young, Jean-François Crespo, and Dan Dennison. Hidden technical debt in machine learning systems. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 28. 2015.

[SCD+17]

Ramprasaath R. Selvaraju, Michael Cogswell, Abhishek Das, Ramakrishna Vedantam, Devi Parikh, and Dhruv Batra. Grad-cam: visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization. In IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.02391.

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Rico Sennrich, Barry Haddow, and Alexandra Birch. Neural machine translation of rare words with subword units. In Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL). 2016.

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Joan Serrà, David Álvarez, Vicenç Gómez, Olga Slizovskaia, José F. Núñez, and Jordi Luque. Input complexity and out-of-distribution detection with likelihood-based generative models. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2020.

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Cosma Rohilla Shalizi. “Attention”, “Transformers”, in neural network “Large Language Models”. Notebook online, 2023. URL: http://bactra.org/notebooks/nn-attention-and-transformers.html.

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Shreya Shankar, Rolando Garcia, Joseph M. Hellerstein, and Aditya G. Parameswaran. Operationalizing machine learning: an interview study. arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.09125, 2022.

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Claude E. Shannon. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27:379–423, 623–656, 1948.

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Claude E. Shannon. Prediction and entropy of printed english. Bell System Technical Journal, 30(1):50–64, 1951.

[STK+23]

Mrinank Sharma, Meg Tong, Tomasz Korbak, David Duvenaud, Amanda Askell, Samuel R. Bowman, Newton Cheng, Esin Durmus, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Scott R. Johnston, Shauna Kravec, Timothy Maxwell, Sam McCandlish, Kamal Ndousse, Oliver Rausch, Nicholas Schiefer, Da Yan, Miranda Zhang, and Ethan Perez. Towards understanding sycophancy in language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.13548, 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.13548.

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Peter Shaw, Jakob Uszkoreit, and Ashish Vaswani. Self-attention with relative position representations. In Proceedings of NAACL-HLT, 464–468. 2018.

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Noam Shazeer, Azalia Mirhoseini, Krzysztof Maziarz, Andy Davis, Quoc V. Le, Geoffrey E. Hinton, and Jeff Dean. Outrageously large neural networks: the sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2017.

[SPW+18]

Jonathan Shen, Ruoming Pang, Ron J. Weiss, Mike Schuster, Navdeep Jaitly, Zongheng Yang, Zhifeng Chen, Yu Zhang, Yuxuan Wang, RJ Skerry-Ryan, Rif A. Saurous, Yannis Agiomyrgiannakis, and Yonghui Wu. Natural tts synthesis by conditioning wavenet on mel spectrogram predictions. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 4779–4783. 2018. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.05884.

[SCB+23]

Noah Shinn, Federico Cassano, Edward Berman, Ashwin Gopinath, Karthik Narasimhan, and Shunyu Yao. Reflexion: language agents with verbal reinforcement learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 36. 2023.

[SPP+19]

Mohammad Shoeybi, Mostofa Patwary, Raul Puri, Patrick LeGresley, Jared Casper, and Bryan Catanzaro. Megatron-LM: training multi-billion parameter language models using model parallelism. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.08053, 2019.

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Reza Shokri, Marco Stronati, Congzheng Song, and Vitaly Shmatikov. Membership inference attacks against machine learning models. In 2017 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), 3–18. 2017.

[SHM+16]

David Silver, Aja Huang, Chris J. Maddison, Arthur Guez, Laurent Sifre, George van den Driessche, Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou, Veda Panneershelvam, Marc Lanctot, Sander Dieleman, Dominik Grewe, John Nham, Nal Kalchbrenner, Ilya Sutskever, Timothy Lillicrap, Madeleine Leach, Koray Kavukcuoglu, Thore Graepel, and Demis Hassabis. Mastering the game of go with deep neural networks and tree search. Nature, 529:484–489, 2016.

[SHS+18]

David Silver, Thomas Hubert, Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou, Matthew Lai, Arthur Guez, Marc Lanctot, Laurent Sifre, Dharshan Kumaran, Thore Graepel, Timothy Lillicrap, Karen Simonyan, and Demis Hassabis. A general reinforcement learning algorithm that masters chess, shogi, and Go through self-play. Science, 362(6419):1140–1144, 2018. doi:10.1126/science.aar6404.

[SLH+14]

David Silver, Guy Lever, Nicolas Heess, Thomas Degris, Daan Wierstra, and Martin Riedmiller. Deterministic policy gradient algorithms. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Machine Learning, volume 32 of Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 387–395. 2014. URL: https://proceedings.mlr.press/v32/silver14.html.

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David Silver, Julian Schrittwieser, Karen Simonyan, Ioannis Antonoglou, Aja Huang, Arthur Guez, Thomas Hubert, Lucas Baker, Matthew Lai, Adrian Bolton, Yutian Chen, Timothy Lillicrap, Fan Hui, Laurent Sifre, George van den Driessche, Thore Graepel, and Demis Hassabis. Mastering the game of go without human knowledge. Nature, 550:354–359, 2017.

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Karen Simonyan, Andrea Vedaldi, and Andrew Zisserman. Deep inside convolutional networks: visualising image classification models and saliency maps. International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) Workshop, 2014. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.6034.

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Karen Simonyan and Andrew Zisserman. Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2015.

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Jimmy T.H. Smith, Andrew Warrington, and Scott W. Linderman. Simplified state space layers for sequence modeling. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2023.

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Jasper Snoek, Hugo Larochelle, and Ryan P. Adams. Practical bayesian optimization of machine learning algorithms. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 25. 2012.

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Jascha Sohl-Dickstein, Eric A. Weiss, Niru Maheswaranathan, and Surya Ganguli. Deep unsupervised learning using nonequilibrium thermodynamics. In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), volume 37, 2256–2265. 2015. URL: https://proceedings.mlr.press/v37/sohl-dickstein15.html.

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Jiaming Song, Chenlin Meng, and Stefano Ermon. Denoising diffusion implicit models. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.02502.

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Yang Song, Jascha Sohl-Dickstein, Diederik P. Kingma, Abhishek Kumar, Stefano Ermon, and Ben Poole. Score-based generative modeling through stochastic differential equations. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.13456.

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Zayne Sprague, Fangcong Yin, Juan Diego Rodriguez, Dongwei Jiang, Manya Wadhwa, Prasann Singhal, Xinyu Zhao, Xi Ye, Kyle Mahowald, and Greg Durrett. To CoT or not to CoT? chain-of-thought helps mainly on math and symbolic reasoning. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2025. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.12183.

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Nitish Srivastava, Geoffrey Hinton, Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever, and Ruslan Salakhutdinov. Dropout: a simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 15:1929–1958, 2014.

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Trevor Standley, Amir R. Zamir, Dawn Chen, Leonidas Guibas, Jitendra Malik, and Silvio Savarese. Which tasks should be learned together in multi-task learning? In Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), volume 119 of Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 9120–9132. 2020.

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Peter Steinberger. You shouldn't be prompting coding agents anymore. You should be designing loops that prompt your agents. Post su X, 8 giugno 2026, 2026. URL: https://x.com/steipete/status/2063697162748260627.

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Emma Strubell, Ananya Ganesh, and Andrew McCallum. Energy and policy considerations for deep learning in nlp. In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 3645–3650. 2019.

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Pascal Sturmfels, Scott Lundberg, and Su-In Lee. Visualizing the impact of feature attribution baselines. Distill, 2020. URL: https://distill.pub/2020/attribution-baselines/.

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Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, Arthur Szlam, Jason Weston, and Rob Fergus. End-to-end memory networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 28, 2440–2448. 2015.

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Fei Sun, Jun Liu, Jian Wu, Changhua Pei, Xiao Lin, Wenwu Ou, and Peng Jiang. BERT4Rec: sequential recommendation with bidirectional encoder representations from transformer. In Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM), 1441–1450. 2019. doi:10.1145/3357384.3357895.

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Yutao Sun, Li Dong, Shaohan Huang, Shuming Ma, Yuqing Xia, Jilong Xue, Jianyong Wang, and Furu Wei. Retentive network: a successor to transformer for large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.08621, 2023.

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Mukund Sundararajan and Amir Najmi. The many shapley values for model explanation. In Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), volume 119 of Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 9269–9278. 2020. URL: https://proceedings.mlr.press/v119/sundararajan20b.html.

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Ilya Sutskever, Oriol Vinyals, and Quoc V. Le. Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 27. 2014.

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Richard S. Sutton and Andrew G. Barto. Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction. MIT Press, 2 edition, 2018.

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Richard S. Sutton, David McAllester, Satinder Singh, and Yishay Mansour. Policy gradient methods for reinforcement learning with function approximation. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 12. 2000.

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Christian Szegedy, Wei Liu, Yangqing Jia, Pierre Sermanet, Scott Reed, Dragomir Anguelov, Dumitru Erhan, Vincent Vanhoucke, and Andrew Rabinovich. Going deeper with convolutions. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2015.

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Christian Szegedy, Wojciech Zaremba, Ilya Sutskever, Joan Bruna, Dumitru Erhan, Ian Goodfellow, and Rob Fergus. Intriguing properties of neural networks. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2014.

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Richard Szeliski. Computer Vision: Algorithms and Applications. Springer, 2 edition, 2022. URL: https://szeliski.org/Book/.

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Esteban G. Tabak and Cristina V. Turner. A family of nonparametric density estimation algorithms. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 66(2):145–164, 2013.

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Esteban G. Tabak and Eric Vanden-Eijnden. Density estimation by dual ascent of the log-likelihood. Communications in Mathematical Sciences, 8(1):217–233, 2010.

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Zhi Rui Tam, Cheng-Kuang Wu, Yi-Lin Tsai, Chieh-Yen Lin, Hung-yi Lee, and Yun-Nung Chen. Let me speak freely? A study on the impact of format restrictions on performance of large language models. In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Industry Track (EMNLP), 1218–1236. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2024. URL: https://aclanthology.org/2024.emnlp-industry.91/.

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Mingxing Tan and Quoc V. Le. Efficientnet: rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks. In Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2019.

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Matthew Tancik, Pratul P. Srinivasan, Ben Mildenhall, Sara Fridovich-Keil, Nithin Raghavan, Utkarsh Singhal, Ravi Ramamoorthi, Jonathan T. Barron, and Ren Ng. Fourier features let networks learn high frequency functions in low dimensional domains. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.10739.

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Sean J. Taylor and Benjamin Letham. Forecasting at scale. The American Statistician, 72(1):37–45, 2018. doi:10.1080/00031305.2017.1380080.

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Zachary Teed and Jia Deng. RAFT: recurrent all-pairs field transforms for optical flow. In European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV). 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.12039.

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Matus Telgarsky. Benefits of depth in neural networks. In 29th Annual Conference on Learning Theory (COLT). 2016.

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Adly Templeton, Tom Conerly, Jonathan Marcus, Jack Lindsey, Trenton Bricken, Brian Chen, Adam Pearce, Craig Citro, Emmanuel Ameisen, Andy Jones, Hoagy Cunningham, Nicholas L. Turner, Callum McDougall, Monte MacDiarmid, C. Daniel Freeman, Theodore R. Sumers, Edward Rees, Joshua Batson, Adam Jermyn, Shan Carter, Chris Olah, and Tom Henighan. Scaling monosemanticity: extracting interpretable features from claude 3 sonnet. Transformer Circuits Thread, Anthropic, 2024. URL: https://transformer-circuits.pub/2024/scaling-monosemanticity/.

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Lucas Theis, Aäron van den Oord, and Matthias Bethge. A note on the evaluation of generative models. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2016.

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William R. Thompson. On the likelihood that one unknown probability exceeds another in view of the evidence of two samples. Biometrika, 25(3–4):285–294, 1933.

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Tristan Thrush, Ryan Jiang, Max Bartolo, Amanpreet Singh, Adina Williams, Douwe Kiela, and Candace Ross. Winoground: probing vision and language models for visio-linguistic compositionality. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 5238–5248. 2022.

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Yuandong Tian, Xinlei Chen, and Surya Ganguli. Understanding self-supervised learning dynamics without contrastive pairs. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 10268–10278. 2021.

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Tijmen Tieleman. Training restricted boltzmann machines using approximations to the likelihood gradient. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2008. URL: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1390156.1390290, doi:10.1145/1390156.1390290.

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Tijmen Tieleman and Geoffrey Hinton. Lecture 6.5—rmsprop: divide the gradient by a running average of its recent magnitude. COURSERA: Neural Networks for Machine Learning, 2012.

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Philippe Tillet, H. T. Kung, and David Cox. Triton: an intermediate language and compiler for tiled neural network computations. In Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Machine Learning and Programming Languages (MAPL), 10–19. 2019.

[TLZ+24]

Shengbang Tong, Zhuang Liu, Yuexiang Zhai, Yi Ma, Yann LeCun, and Saining Xie. Eyes wide shut? exploring the visual shortcomings of multimodal LLMs. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 9568–9578. 2024.

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John N. Tsitsiklis and Benjamin Van Roy. An analysis of temporal-difference learning with function approximation. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 42(5):674–690, 1997. doi:10.1109/9.580874.

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Alan M. Turing. Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236):433–460, 1950.

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Miles Turpin, Julian Michael, Ethan Perez, and Samuel R. Bowman. Language models don't always say what they think: unfaithful explanations in chain-of-thought prompting. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 36. 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.04388.

[VCR+24]

Keyon Vafa, Justin Y. Chen, Ashesh Rambachan, Jon Kleinberg, and Sendhil Mullainathan. Evaluating the world model implicit in a generative model. arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.03689, 2024. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.03689, arXiv:2406.03689.

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Rianne van den Berg, Thomas N. Kipf, and Max Welling. Graph convolutional matrix completion. arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.02263, 2017.

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Aäron van den Oord, Sander Dieleman, Heiga Zen, Karen Simonyan, Oriol Vinyals, Alex Graves, Nal Kalchbrenner, Andrew Senior, and Koray Kavukcuoglu. Wavenet: a generative model for raw audio. arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.03499, 2016. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.03499.

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Aäron van den Oord, Nal Kalchbrenner, and Koray Kavukcuoglu. Pixel recurrent neural networks. In International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2016.

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Aäron van den Oord, Nal Kalchbrenner, Oriol Vinyals, Lasse Espeholt, Alex Graves, and Koray Kavukcuoglu. Conditional image generation with PixelCNN decoders. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2016.

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Aäron van den Oord, Yazhe Li, and Oriol Vinyals. Representation learning with contrastive predictive coding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1807.03748, 2018.

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Aäron van den Oord, Oriol Vinyals, and Koray Kavukcuoglu. Neural discrete representation learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 30. 2017.

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Laurens van der Maaten and Geoffrey Hinton. Visualizing data using t-sne. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 9:2579–2605, 2008.

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Hado van Hasselt, Arthur Guez, and David Silver. Deep reinforcement learning with double q-learning. In Proceedings of the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 2016.

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Vladimir N. Vapnik and Alexey Ya. Chervonenkis. On the uniform convergence of relative frequencies of events to their probabilities. Theory of Probability and Its Applications, 16(2):264–280, 1971.

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Vladimir N. Vapnik and Alexander Ya. Lerner. Pattern recognition using generalized portrait method. Automation and Remote Control, 24(6):774–780, 1963.

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Petar Veličković, Guillem Cucurull, Arantxa Casanova, Adriana Romero, Pietro Liò, and Yoshua Bengio. Graph attention networks. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2018. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.10903.

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Oriol Vinyals, Igor Babuschkin, Wojciech M. Czarnecki, Michaël Mathieu, Andrew Dudzik, Junyoung Chung, David H. Choi, Richard Powell, Timo Ewalds, Petko Georgiev, Junhyuk Oh, Dan Horgan, Manuel Kroiss, Ivo Danihelka, Aja Huang, Laurent Sifre, Trevor Cai, John P. Agapiou, Max Jaderberg, Alexander Sasha Vezhnevets, Rémi Leblond, Tobias Pohlen, Valentin Dalibard, David Budden, Yury Sulsky, James Molloy, Tom Le Paine, Çaglar Gülçehre, Ziyu Wang, Tobias Pfaff, Yuhuai Wu, Roman Ring, Dani Yogatama, Dario Wünsch, Katrina McKinney, Oliver Smith, Tom Schaul, Timothy P. Lillicrap, Koray Kavukcuoglu, Demis Hassabis, Chris Apps, and David Silver. Grandmaster level in starcraft ii using multi-agent reinforcement learning. Nature, 575:350–354, 2019.

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Sandra Wachter, Brent Mittelstadt, and Chris Russell. Counterfactual explanations without opening the black box: automated decisions and the gdpr. Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 31(2):841–887, 2017. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.00399.

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Sifan Wang, Yujun Teng, and Paris Perdikaris. Understanding and mitigating gradient flow pathologies in physics-informed neural networks. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 43(5):A3055–A3081, 2021. doi:10.1137/20M1318043.

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Xiang Wang, Xiangnan He, Meng Wang, Fuli Feng, and Tat-Seng Chua. Neural graph collaborative filtering. In Proceedings of the 42nd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, 165–174. 2019.

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Xiaolong Wang, Ross Girshick, Abhinav Gupta, and Kaiming He. Non-local neural networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 7794–7803. 2018.

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Xinlong Wang, Xiaosong Zhang, Zhengxiong Luo, Quan Sun, Yufeng Cui, Jinsheng Wang, Fan Zhang, Yueze Wang, Zhen Li, Qiying Yu, Yingli Zhao, Yulong Ao, Xuebin Min, Tao Li, Boya Wu, Bo Zhao, Bowen Zhang, Liangdong Wang, Guang Liu, Zheqi He, Xi Yang, Jingjing Liu, Yonghua Lin, Tiejun Huang, and Zhongyuan Wang. Emu3: next-token prediction is all you need. arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.18869, 2024.

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Xuezhi Wang, Jason Wei, Dale Schuurmans, Quoc V. Le, Ed H. Chi, Sharan Narang, Aakanksha Chowdhery, and Denny Zhou. Self-consistency improves chain of thought reasoning in language models. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.11171.

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Alexander Wei, Nika Haghtalab, and Jacob Steinhardt. Jailbroken: how does LLM safety training fail? In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 36. 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.02483.

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Jason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel, Barret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama, Maarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, Ed H. Chi, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Oriol Vinyals, Percy Liang, Jeff Dean, and William Fedus. Emergent abilities of large language models. Transactions on Machine Learning Research (TMLR), 2022. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.07682, arXiv:2206.07682.

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Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Brian Ichter, Fei Xia, Ed H. Chi, Quoc V. Le, and Denny Zhou. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 35. 2022. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.11903.

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Jason Weston, Sumit Chopra, and Antoine Bordes. Memory networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1410.3916, 2014. International Conference on Learning Representations, 2015.

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Samuel Williams, Andrew Waterman, and David Patterson. Roofline: an insightful visual performance model for multicore architectures. Communications of the ACM, 52(4):65–76, 2009.

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David H. Wolpert. Stacked generalization. Neural Networks, 5(2):241–259, 1992. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-6080(05)80023-1.

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Danny Wood, Tingting Mu, Andrew M. Webb, Henry W. J. Reeve, Mikel Luján, and Gavin Brown. A unified theory of diversity in ensemble learning. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 24(359):1–49, 2023.

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Felix Wu, Amauri H. Souza, Tianyi Zhang, Christopher Fifty, Tao Yu, and Kilian Q. Weinberger. Simplifying graph convolutional networks. In Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Machine Learning, volume 97 of Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 6861–6871. PMLR, 2019. arXiv:1902.07153.

[WBZ+24]

Qingyun Wu, Gagan Bansal, Jieyu Zhang, Yiran Wu, Beibin Li, Erkang Zhu, Li Jiang, Xiaoyun Zhang, Shaokun Zhang, Jiale Liu, Ahmed Hassan Awadallah, Ryen W. White, Doug Burger, and Chi Wang. AutoGen: enabling next-gen LLM applications via multi-agent conversations. In Conference on Language Modeling (COLM). 2024.

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Shijie Wu and Mark Dredze. Beto, bentz, becas: the surprising cross-lingual effectiveness of bert. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP), 833–844. 2019.

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Yonghui Wu, Mike Schuster, Zhifeng Chen, Quoc V. Le, Mohammad Norouzi, and others. Google's neural machine translation system: bridging the gap between human and machine translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1609.08144, 2016.

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Zonghan Wu, Shirui Pan, Fengwen Chen, Guodong Long, Chengqi Zhang, and Philip S. Yu. A comprehensive survey on graph neural networks. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 32(1):4–24, 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.00596.

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Zhiheng Xi, Wenxiang Chen, Xin Guo, Wei He, Yiwen Ding, Boyang Hong, Ming Zhang, Junzhe Wang, Senjie Jin, Enyu Zhou, and others. The rise and potential of large language model based agents: a survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.07864, 2023.

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Derrick Xin, Behrooz Ghorbani, Ankush Garg, Orhan Firat, and Justin Gilmer. Do current multi-task optimization methods in deep learning even help? In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 35. 2022.

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Ruibin Xiong, Yunchang Yang, Di He, Kai Zheng, Shuxin Zheng, Chen Xing, Huishuai Zhang, Yanyan Lan, Liwei Wang, and Tie-Yan Liu. On layer normalization in the transformer architecture. In Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), volume 119 of Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, 10524–10533. 2020.

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Keyulu Xu, Weihua Hu, Jure Leskovec, and Stefanie Jegelka. How powerful are graph neural networks? In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2019. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.00826.

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Zhi-Qin John Xu, Yaoyu Zhang, Tao Luo, Yanyang Xiao, and Zheng Ma. Frequency Principle: Fourier analysis sheds light on deep neural networks. Communications in Computational Physics, 28(5):1746–1767, 2020. doi:10.4208/cicp.OA-2020-0085.

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Lihe Yang, Bingyi Kang, Zilong Huang, Xiaogang Xu, Jiashi Feng, and Hengshuang Zhao. Depth anything: unleashing the power of large-scale unlabeled data. In IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 2024. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.10891.

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Songlin Yang, Jan Kautz, and Ali Hatamizadeh. Gated delta networks: improving Mamba2 with delta rule. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2025. arXiv:2412.06464.

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Songlin Yang, Bailin Wang, Yikang Shen, Rameswar Panda, and Yoon Kim. Gated linear attention transformers with hardware-efficient training. In Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2024.

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Songlin Yang, Bailin Wang, Yu Zhang, Yikang Shen, and Yoon Kim. Parallelizing linear transformers with the delta rule over sequence length. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2024.

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Shunyu Yao, Dian Yu, Jeffrey Zhao, Izhak Shafran, Thomas L. Griffiths, Yuan Cao, and Karthik Narasimhan. Tree of thoughts: deliberate problem solving with large language models. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 36. 2023.

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Shunyu Yao, Jeffrey Zhao, Dian Yu, Nan Du, Izhak Shafran, Karthik Narasimhan, and Yuan Cao. ReAct: synergizing reasoning and acting in language models. In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2023.

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Xinyang Yi, Ji Yang, Lichan Hong, Derek Zhiyuan Cheng, Lukasz Heldt, Aditee Kumthekar, Zhe Zhao, Li Wei, and Ed Chi. Sampling-bias-corrected neural modeling for large corpus item recommendations. In Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Recommender Systems (RecSys '19), 269–277. 2019. doi:10.1145/3298689.3346996.

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Shukang Yin, Chaoyou Fu, Sirui Zhao, Tong Xu, Hao Wang, Dianbo Sui, Yunhang Shen, Ke Li, Xing Sun, and Enhong Chen. Woodpecker: hallucination correction for multimodal large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.16045, 2023.

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Chengxuan Ying, Tianle Cai, Shengjie Luo, Shuxin Zheng, Guolin Ke, Di He, Yanming Shen, and Tie-Yan Liu. Do transformers really perform bad for graph representation? In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.05234.

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Rex Ying, Ruining He, Kaifeng Chen, Pong Eksombatchai, William L. Hamilton, and Jure Leskovec. Graph convolutional neural networks for web-scale recommender systems. In Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 974–983. 2018.

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Jason Yosinski, Jeff Clune, Yoshua Bengio, and Hod Lipson. How transferable are features in deep neural networks? In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 27. 2014.

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Chao Yu, Akash Velu, Eugene Vinitsky, Jiaxuan Gao, Yu Wang, Alexandre Bayen, and Yi Wu. The surprising effectiveness of ppo in cooperative, multi-agent games. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 35, Datasets and Benchmarks Track (NeurIPS). 2022.

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Tianhe Yu, Saurabh Kumar, Abhishek Gupta, Sergey Levine, Karol Hausman, and Chelsea Finn. Gradient surgery for multi-task learning. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2020. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.06782.

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Yang Yue, Zhiqi Chen, Rui Lu, Andrew Zhao, Zhaokai Wang, Yang Yue, Shiji Song, and Gao Huang. Does reinforcement learning really incentivize reasoning capacity in LLMs beyond the base model? In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS). 2025. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.13837.

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Mert Yuksekgonul, Federico Bianchi, Pratyusha Kalluri, Dan Jurafsky, and James Zou. When and why vision-language models behave like bags-of-words, and what to do about it? In International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR). 2023.

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Manzil Zaheer, Guru Guruganesh, Kumar Avinava Dubey, Joshua Ainslie, Chris Alberti, Santiago Ontañón, Philip Pham, Anirudh Ravula, Qifan Wang, Li Yang, and Amr Ahmed. Big bird: transformers for longer sequences. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 33. 2020.

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Jure Zbontar, Li Jing, Ishan Misra, Yann LeCun, and Stéphane Deny. Barlow twins: self-supervised learning via redundancy reduction. In International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML). 2021. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2103.03230.

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Neil Zeghidour, Alejandro Luebs, Ahmed Omran, Jan Skoglund, and Marco Tagliasacchi. SoundStream: an end-to-end neural audio codec. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing (TASLP), 30:495–507, 2022.

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Ailing Zeng, Muxi Chen, Lei Zhang, and Qiang Xu. Are transformers effective for time series forecasting? In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.13504.

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Xiaohua Zhai, Basil Mustafa, Alexander Kolesnikov, and Lucas Beyer. Sigmoid loss for language image pre-training. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). 2023. arXiv:2303.15343.

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Hanlin Zhang, Benjamin L. Edelman, Danilo Francati, Daniele Venturi, Giuseppe Ateniese, and Boaz Barak. Watermarks in the sand: impossibility of strong watermarking for generative models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.04378, 2023.

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Hongyi Zhang, Moustapha Cissé, Yann N. Dauphin, and David Lopez-Paz. Mixup: beyond empirical risk minimization. In International Conference on Learning Representations. 2018.

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Lvmin Zhang, Anyi Rao, and Maneesh Agrawala. Adding conditional control to text-to-image diffusion models. In IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). 2023. arXiv:2302.05543.

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Richard Zhang. Making convolutional networks shift-invariant again. In International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), volume 97 of PMLR, 7324–7334. 2019.

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Yanli Zhao, Andrew Gu, Rohan Varma, Liang Luo, Chien-Chin Huang, Min Xu, Less Wright, Hamid Shojanazeri, Myle Ott, Sam Shleifer, Alban Desmaison, Can Balioglu, Pritam Damania, Bernard Nguyen, Geeta Chauhan, Yuchen Hao, Ajit Mathews, and Shen Li. PyTorch FSDP: experiences on scaling fully sharded data parallel. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 2023.

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Lianmin Zheng, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ying Sheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Zhanghao Wu, Yonghao Zhuang, Zi Lin, Zhuohan Li, Dacheng Li, Eric P. Xing, Hao Zhang, Joseph E. Gonzalez, and Ion Stoica. Judging LLM-as-a-judge with MT-bench and chatbot arena. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 36. 2023.

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Lianmin Zheng, Liangsheng Yin, Zhiqiang Xie, Chuyue Sun, Jeff Huang, Cody Hao Yu, Shiyi Cao, Christos Kozyrakis, Ion Stoica, Joseph E. Gonzalez, Clark Barrett, and Ying Sheng. SGLang: efficient execution of structured language model programs. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, volume 37. 2024.

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Yinmin Zhong, Shengyu Liu, Junda Chen, Jianbo Hu, Yibo Zhu, Xuanzhe Liu, Xin Jin, and Hao Zhang. DistServe: disaggregating prefill and decoding for goodput-optimized large language model serving. In 18th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), 193–210. 2024.

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Chunting Zhou, Lili Yu, Arun Babu, Kushal Tirumala, Michihiro Yasunaga, Leonid Shamis, Jacob Kahn, Xuezhe Ma, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Omer Levy. Transfusion: predict the next token and diffuse images with one multi-modal model. arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.11039, 2024.

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Jun-Yan Zhu, Taesung Park, Phillip Isola, and Alexei A. Efros. Unpaired image-to-image translation using cycle-consistent adversarial networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), 2223–2232. 2017.

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Ligeng Zhu, Zhijian Liu, and Song Han. Deep leakage from gradients. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), volume 32. 2019.

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Andy Zou, Zifan Wang, Nicholas Carlini, Milad Nasr, J. Zico Kolter, and Matt Fredrikson. Universal and transferable adversarial attacks on aligned language models. Preprint arXiv:2307.15043, 2023. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.15043.

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DeepSeek-AI, Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Peiyi Wang, Qihao Zhu, Runxin Xu, Ruoyu Zhang, Shirong Ma, and others. Deepseek-r1: incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2501.12948, 2025. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.12948.

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